• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2007

To establish the indoor-rearing system of the emma field cricket, Teleogryllus emma, the effects of temperature on development and reproduction of the emma cricket have been studied. The influence of temperature on developmental periods of emma field cricket was investigated under the eight temperatures of 15, 18, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31 and $35^{\circ}C$, under $60{\pm}5%$ R.H. and 16L:8D photoperiod. The developmental periods of T. emma nymphs had a range of 124.8 days to 44.4 days at the temperature of $21^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. At $15^{\circ}C$ and $18^{\circ}C$, however, all tested individuals died before emergence. The highest survival rate was 90% at $25^{\circ}C$, but there were no statistically significant differences among the temperatures. The adult weight increased with increasing temperatures although the weight at $35^{\circ}C$ was decreased. In addition, the influence of temperature on reproduction of emma field cricket was investigated under three temperatures $22^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C\;and\;28^{\circ}C$, under $60{\pm}5%$ R.H. and 16L:8D photoperiod. The longevity of female/male adults were 65.8/79.2 days, 68.5/67.8 days, 46.8/57.4 days at the temperature $22^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C\;and\;28^{\circ}C$, respectively. The preoviposition periods were 32.5 days at $22^{\circ}C,\;22.9^{\circ}C$ days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 22.1 days at $28^{\circ}C$. The highest average fecundity per female was 737.3 at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.1 s.66
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• pp.11-16
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• 1986

Local difference in post-overwinter developmental periods was investigated by incubating the overwintered larvae collected from 8 locations at $25^{\circ}C$ begining January 15 and February 15. Based on the 2nd incubation test, it was found that Chunseong colony had the shortest pre pupal period of 17.9 days, while Gwangsan colony had the longest 27.7 days. In general, prepupal period showed negative correlation with latitudes. Average pupal periods were not significantly different among colonies. Adult emergence period showed the same trend as prepupal periods. Chunseong and Pyeongtaeg colonies emerged faster than the other colonies and showed a single peak of adult emergence, while Nonsan, Iri, Gwangsan colony showed several peaks of adult emergence.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.473-477
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• 2021

An artificial diet containing wheat germ, soybean, corn, yeast, sucrose, casein, cholesterol, 𝛽-sitosterol, and dry Miscanthus sacchariflorus stem powder was developed for rearing Chilo suppressalis (Crambidae) larvae. Neonate larvae were individually raised on the diet till adult emergence at 25℃ and 15:9 h light:dark photoperiod. In the results, the pupation and the emergence rates were 82.2% and 98.6%, respectively. The mean developmental periods of female and male larvae were 34.6 days and 31.0 days, respectively, whereas the pupal periods of female and male were 8.9 days and 9.7 days, respectively. Those periods were significantly different between genders. The mean pupal weights of female and male were 75.0 mg and 57.0 mg, respectively, with significant difference.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

Population fluctuation of O. kashmirica benefica, a major natural enemy of citrus red mite (Panonychus citri), was surveyed from 1997 to 2000 in yuzu orchards in Goheung region and, developmental periods, developmental threshold temperature (DT) and effective cumulative temperature (ET) were estimated. Under four constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30$\^{C}$, developmental periods from egg to adult of the beetles were 67.3, 31.4, 19.4 and 15.3 days, respectively. The period of each stage was long in the order of pupa> egg > 3rd larva> 2nd larva> 1st larva. Mean numbers of eggs oviposited by a female per day were 3.3, 5.6, 7.3 and 7.7 under the temperatures, respectively. The highest hatchability (92%) and adult emergence (60%) were shown under 25$\^{C}$. Adult longevity was 54.3 days for females, and 58.6 days for males. In natural condition, the sex ratio of the beetle was 0.58. Developmental thresholds (DT) for egg, 1st, 2nd, 3rd larva, pupa, and egg to adult were 12.7, 10.0, 10.8, 7.9, 10.1 and 10.6$\^{C}$, respectively. The effective cumulative temperatures (ET) were 41.4, 22.9, 22.7, 46.6, 165.3, 292.9 day-degree at the same development stage, respectively. The beetle occurred from early April to early December in yuzu orchards. The population peak of the beetles was dependent on the amount of prey mite (Panonychus citri), and the ratio of the predator to prey mite was 1 to 100-200 at predator peak stage in the field.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 1988

The developmental processes of the protein body are studied on endosperm cells of Panax ginseng during seed maturation periods. The spherosome, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosome are observed and then are gradually increased in early endosperm cells. Protein body developed from vesicles produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and was formed at the enlarged ends of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Also, vacuole-like protein body was observed in associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex is observed in associated with vacuole and its vesicles containing proteinaceous granules moved and accumulated to the vacuole. Proteinaceous granules are deposited in the spherical or oval shaped vacuole and gradually, vacuole is surrounded by the multi-membranous structure. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi complex, and vacuole are observed in associated with protein body formation.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.211-245
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• 2009

In this paper we firstly review the developmental stages of the Chinese civil aviation industry since 1949 and the background history of the Chinese Civil Aviation Law of 1996. We secondly analyzed the main terms and conditions about the Chinese civil aviation law and pointed out several problematic issues in view of the development of the Chinese aviation industry. Current civil aviation law in China has been in effect for the last 12 years. In these periods, Chinese civil aviation industry has developed in a high speed and great changes have occurred in its market environments. Thus, some of the terms and conditions in current civil aviation law in China have become outdated and unsuitable for the current developmental stage of the Chinese civil aviation industry. Therefore, we proposed some directions of the future amending of the Chinese Civil Aviation Law.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1995

The new textile materials may be defined as textile materials different from already existing ones in the physical and chemical structure, manufacturing process, or end-use property. The present time what is called the post-industrial society is characterized by rapid change and new technology. Also, textile materials have been changed rapidly and diversely in the post-industrial society than in any other periods. The study aimed to analyze the trend of new tektite materials development in Korea and to forecast the development trend in the future. To investigate the trend of new textile materials, various written materials and informations were collected from the manufacturers, textile related periodicals, and research journals, and they were analyzed. The period of analysis was from January 1992 to May 1995. The results of this research are as followings : (1) Mixed textile materiasl such as bicomponent fiber, blended yam and blended fabric were increased. (2) High technology has an important effect upon new textile material development. (3) functional textile materials were increased (4) The high value-added products were increased. (5) The naturalized textile materials were increased.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.164-168
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• 2000

To understand the biological characteristics of Corythucha ciliata occurring in Korea, developmental periods and its susceptibility to several insecticides were examined under growth chamber condition at $25^{\circ}C$. It took 11.1 day from egg to hatch. And duration of each stage up to the 5th nymph after hatching was 4.0, 2.1, 2.0, 2.9, and 4.0 days, respectively. Total duration from egg to adult was 26.1 days, preoviposition period was 12.2 days, and average number of eggs laid by a female was 83.0. Sex ratio of female was 51.6% and lifespan of female adult was 43.2% days. LC50 value of deltamethrin and esfenvalerate were 0.8 and 0.9 ppm, respectively. Insecticidal effects were better in pyrethroids than organophosphates and carbamates.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.167-180
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• 2015

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that exists ubiquitously in the environment, and affects global health problems due to its carcinogenicity. In most populations, the main source of arsenic exposure is the drinking water. In drinking water, chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with increased risks of various cancers including those of skin, lung, bladder, and liver, as well as numerous other non-cancer diseases including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurologic and cognitive problems. Recent emerging evidences suggest that arsenic exposure affects the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Prenatal exposure to inorganic arsenic causes adverse pregnancy outcomes and children's health problems. Some epidemiological studies have reported that arsenic exposure induces premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. In animal studies, inorganic arsenic also causes fetal malformation, growth retardation, and fetal death. These toxic effects depend on dose, route and gestation periods of arsenic exposure. In males, inorganic arsenic causes reproductive dysfunctions including reductions of the testis weights, accessory sex organs weights, and epididymal sperm counts. In addition, inorganic arsenic exposure also induces alterations of spermatogenesis, reductions of testosterone and gonadotrophins, and disruptions of steroidogenesis. However, the reproductive and developmental problems following arsenic exposure are poorly understood, and the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we further investigated several possible mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.753-761
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• 2018

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is identified as a signaling adaptor protein that regulates bone metabolism, immunity, and the development of several tissues. Therefore, its functions are closely associated with multiple diseases. TRAF6 is also involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis under steady-state conditions, but the role of TRAF6 in modulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) during the developmental stages remains unknown. Here, we report that the deletion of TRAF6 in hematopoietic lineage cells resulted in the upregulation of HSPCs in the fetal liver at the prenatal period. However, in the early postnatal period, deletion of TRAF6 drastically diminished HSPCs in the bone marrow (BM), with severe defects in BM development and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen being identified. In the analysis of adult HSPCs in a BM reconstitution setting, TRAF6 played no significant role in HSPC homeostasis, albeit it affected the development of T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the role of TRAF6 in regulating HSPCs is altered in a spatial and temporal manner during the developmental course of mice.