• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.318-323
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• 1995

To improve wastewater treatment in a confectionery factory and to optimize chemical coagulation process, this study was performed. $COD_{Mn}$ and total solid of untreated wastewater were $200{\sim}820ppm\;and\;860{\sim}1350ppm$, respectively. Composition of total solid was sugar 40%, protein 10%, hexane-soluble 20%, and ash 30%. Turbidity at 650 nm and the amount of suspended solid (SS) showed correlation, thus turbidity could be used for the on-line measurement of SS. The most effective combination of coagulants for the removal of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS was that of $Al_2(SO_4)_3\;and\;Ca(OH)_2$. The optimal concentration of $Al_2(SO_4)_3\;and\;Ca(OH)_2$ was 480 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Optimal retention time of wastewater for $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ addition $Ca(OH)_2$ addition : flocculation was 2 : 2 : 10 min. Multiple treatment of $Al_2(SO_4)_3:Ca(OH)_2$ overcame coagulation inhibition by gelatin and detergent, and addition of microbial sludge reduced it.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2013

Pesticides were sprayed on perilla leaf and leafy lettuce in a greenhouse and the reduction rate of pesticide residues on each vegetable by washing were tested. The reduction rate of pesticide residues by washing for 30 sec~3 min on perilla leaf were 3~63% in tap water, 2~58% in salt water, 6~74% in green tea water, and 8~86% in detergent solution. The detergent solution only showed significant difference in reduction rates compared to the tab water washing. Considering reduction effects of the washing duration, it was showed that the reduction rates were a pattern of inclining as the duration of washing process increased, but there was no significant difference in the reduction rates except the reduction rates between washing in the detergent solution for 1 min and 3 min. Comparing washing in flowing tab water and in stagnant tab water with leafy lettuce, the reduction rate by one time washing were 8~68% in flowing tab water and 7~64% in stagnant tab water. The water and the time used in this experiment were 17.5 L, 2.9 min with flowing tab water and 4 L, 1 min with stagnant tab water. The reduction rate by 3 times washing in stagnant tab water were 16.5~76.6%, and the water and the time used were 12 L, 3 min. Therefore, when the water and the time used to wash vegetables were considered, washing two or three times in stagnant tab water could be more effective than washing one time in flowing tab water.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.281-290
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: As the demand for strawberries increases, people are paying attention to food safety in strawberry, especially pesticide residues. To remove the pesticides from strawberry, various washing and processing technique in households are additionally required. METHODS AND RESULTS: Strawberries were washed with water, detergent, alcohol, and ultrasonication and processed to strawberry jam. The mean reduction efficiency according to the washing solvent and method was found to be higher in the order of detergent (42.5%) > alcohol (41.7%) > water (41.3%) > ultrasoniation with alcohol (40.2%) > ultrasoniation with water (38.6%) > ultrasoniation with detergent (36.9%), but there was no significant difference among the treatments. The residue levels of pesticides during processing to jam decreased by 11.9-94.4% for etoxazole, fluopyram, procymidone, spiromesifen, and prochloraz, while the other pesticides were concentrated by boiling, or rather increased by 11.8-40.2%. However, when the residue levels were converted to residual amounts in consideration of the change in weight after processing, the residual amounts of the tested pesticides were reduced by 59.8-98.4% during processing. The processing factor (PF) were different for each pesticide, but PFs were < 1 for all washing solvents and methods, and 0.06-1.40 when processed into jam. CONCLUSION: To ensure the consumption of pesticide-free strawberry, the most efficient washing method is to immerse the strawberry in fresh water for few minutes, followed by rinsing them under running water.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 2005

Effects of common electrophoretic reagents, reducing agents ($\beta$-mercaptoethanol [BME] and DTT), denaturants (SDS and urea), and non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100), on the activity and stability of bovine plasmin (b-pln) and human plasmin (h-pln) were compared. In the presence of 0.1% SDS (w/v), all reagents completely inhibited two plns, whereas SDS (1%) and urea (1 M) denatured plns recovered their activities after removal of SDS by treatment of 2.5% Triton X-100 (v/v). However, reducing agents (0.1 M of BME and DTT) treated plns did not restore their activities. Based on a fibrin zymogram gel, five (from b-pln) and four (from h-pln) active fragments were resolved. Two plns exhibited unusual stability in concentrated SDS and Triton X-100 (final 10%) and urea (final 6 M) solutions. Two bands, heavy chain-2 (HC-2) and cleaved heavy chain-2 (CHC-2), of b-pln were completely inhibited in 0.5% SDS or 3 M urea, whereas no significant difference was found in h-pln. Interestingly, 50 kDa (cleaved heavy chain-1, CHC-1) of b-pln and two fragments, 26 kDa (light chain, LC) and 29 kDa (microplasmin, MP), of h-pln were increased by SDS in a concentration dependent manner. We also found that the inhibition of SDS against both plns was reversible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.4 no.4 s.10
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• pp.33-41
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate consumer's behaviors on the purchase and the laundering of baby's clothing according to washing machine types using by consumers. The subjects were 255 consumers with babies(0-2 years) in Korea. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Chi-square test and multiple response analysis, and SPSS 12.0 statistics package was used. Consumers were separated into two groups according to washing machine types with general pulsator type and drum-type. Consumer's behaviors between general pulsator type group and drum-type group of washing machines were also examined. The Results of this study were as follows: 1. The purchase rate of baby's clothing was high compare to that of general clothing of family. The consumers with babies had priority on textile materials(cotton 100%) as baby's clothing. As for the consumer's behaviors between the purchase of baby's clothing and the consumer's characteristics, they showed a significant differences according to the consumer's characteristics like education level and washing machine types using by consumers. 2. The removal of soils including various foods was very important on the laundering of baby's clothing. Especially the rinsing of detergents was important on the laundering. Because they considered toxicity of detergents was high and harmful to the baby, and detergent's components such as surfactants, builders, and another additives could not removed completely with normal laundry courses by washing machines. 3. There were significant differences between general pulsator type group and drum-type group of washing machines on the purchase and the laundering of baby's clothing.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 1999

The study was performed to examine the elimination capacity of impurity on the fiberglass wicks to exert a suction of Passive capillary samplers (PCAPS) on soil water. This impurity affects the capillary properties of the wick and the chemical properties of the samples collected. To determine the need, capillary rise and moisture contents were measured after the wicks were cleaned by four methods : combustion, acetone extraction, detergent washing, and uncleaning. The wicks were made with fibers produced by PPG Industries and Manville Company, U.S.A. Results showed that wicks made from PPG fibers lost up to 3.4% of original mass during combustion while Manville fiber wicks lost only up to 0.6%. These losses are assumed to have been due to combustion of organic compounds applied by the manufacturers. All cleaning methods had higher capillary rise than obtained with uncleaning method Combustion at 40$0^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours was the best cleaning method. removing 98 to 100% of impurities.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2010

The object of this research is to conform of practicable possibility and recycling of producing junk after citrus fruits is processed. With extracting d-limonene oil that have 70~90% a component of oil out of junk citrus peel, making certain the about 12000ppm concentration of it. Limonene derived from citrus in jeju using conventional synthetic detergents can be replaced with the development of environmentally friendly natural detergent investigated the possibility. Mostly due to ocean dumping, disposal and cause environmental problems by recycling natural citrus cleaner alternative to the research conducted on the possibility. Cleaning efficiency with temperature did not affect the largest concentrations were able to identify the difference between cleaning efficiency. At least 10% of the d-limonene oil could be from the cleaning performance, increasing the concentration of the cleaning efficiency was increased in size. Ultrasonic is very high removal efficiency under the conditions shown in the cause of pure self-generated ultrasonic cleaning power as co-effects of d-limonene oil appears to chemical cleaning effect of ultrasonic cavitation occurs in the physical cleaning effect due to a combination of synergistic stability is maximized by low concentrations of d-limonene oil in a short time showed an excellent cleaning ability. Having the ability of cleaning at the same time, considering the side recycling in the junk citrus peels reflects possibility of basic materials utility eco-friendly in the skin soap, bath soap, cosmetics etc, through ability of exclusion a contaminant in based cleaning effect(EC) it can prospect substitution effect environmentally in the pre existence synthetic detergents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.5 s.153
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• pp.753-761
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• 2006

This paper suggests the optimal conditions for the laundry to prevent from the electrostatic charge by the evaluation of the electrostatic characteristics in the full process of washing and drying. Cotton, nylon, and polyester fabrics were used as test washing specimens. Detergent and softener were used under the standard washing cycle, and then the electrostatic characteristics of laundry were measured. The results showed that the moisture regain decreased and the electrostatic charge increased with the drying time. It was observed that the specimen fabrics were already dried up before the standard drying cycle was finished. Consequently, the excessive drying caused a generation of electrostatic charge due to the removal of the trace of moisture remaining and the excessive friction. Especially, the softener played an important role to prevent from a generation of electrostatic charge, whose insertion was more effective in the drying than in the rinsing process. It was also shown that the electrostatic charge could be decreased by drying the fabrics of one kind. On the other hand, for drying the mixed kinds of fabrics, the electrostatic charge increased remarkably. Therefore we suggest that the laundry be classified according to the kinds of fiber, and then be washed and dried before excessive drying to reduce electrostatic charge And further, a proper use of softener is effective to reduce electrostatic charge.

• Clean Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2000

The soil remediation by non-ionic surfactant solutions ($C_{12}H_{25}O(CH_2CH_2O)_5H$ and Triton X-100) was studied. Depending on the amounts and use of co-surfactants, MPT(phase inversion temperature), dynamic interfacial tension, and the detergency efficiency of the surfactant solutions in soil were investigated. The oils used were kerosene, n-hexadecane, and paraffin oil. With respect to a higher detergency efficiency, a lower interfacial tension and the MPT was very important. The $C_{12}H_{25}O(CH_2CH_2O)_5H$ was better than Triton X-100 on the oil removal from the soil and the effect of oil kinds was kerosene>paraffin $oil{\geq}n-hexadecane$. The co-surfactant, n-dodecanol, reduced the MPT compared to no addition of this, whereas it did not enhance the detergent efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.240-248
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• 1997

References on the cooking and processing losses of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides in foods were collected and analyzed to indicate that the average removal of whole pesticides being 45% in water washing, 56% in detergent washing, 91% in peeling of fruits, 5l% in blanching-boiling of vegetables, 90% in milling and processing of grains. The theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) calculated from the food intake and Korea maximum residue limits showed that 4 among 11 pesticides exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The estimated daily intake (EDI) calculated from the food intake and monitoring data reached 17.2% of ADI on the assumption that the toxicity of OP pesticides appears as an additive effect. The % ratio of ADI for individual pesticides was 6.1% in diazinon, 5.8% in fenthion, 3.3% in fenitrothion and very low in other pesticides. By applying reduction factors to the EDI, the removal ratio of OP pesticides in cooking and processing appears to be over 50%. In summary, the exposure level of Korean population toward whole OP pesticides was estimated to reach 23% of ADI, which would not cause any health rick as yet, but calls for a systematic risk assessment.