• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.81-82
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• 2009

IEC 60456 declared the cocoa soiled cloth to be one of the standard soiled test cloths for measuring the performance of the clothes washing machines. Researchers for textile washing have known that cocoa soiled cloth has shown unpredictable washing performance. The color of cocoa mainly comes from flavonoids, and flavonoids reversibly change color with alkalinity from pH 1 to pH 7 as food colorants. The color change of flavonoids under various washing conditions, in the alkali solution, has not yet been confirmed. In this study, we have investigated the color change and the soil removal of the cocoa soiled cloth which were washed with alkaline washing liquids of various hardnesses. The cocoa soiled cloth which was washed in the water which was 60ppm or higher became darker than the soiled cloth. When the cloth was washed in the detergent solution, the cloth was slightly darker only when the washing condition was $20^{\circ}$ and 250ppm. As the water hardness increased, the soil removal decreased and the higher washing temperature was more effective.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.109-120
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of wastewater treatment containing surfactant. For that, comparative analysis of effectiveness of Featon Oxidation, Aluminum Sulfate, PAC (Poly Aluminum Chloride) on the treatment of the synthetic wastewater containing LAS (Linear Alkyl Sulfate), a main component of the commercial detergent was carried. Then, the optimum pH, the dosage of reagents, and the concentration of the LAS in each treatment were determined. The results of the study were summarized as following. 1. In Fenton Oxidation, optimal pH was 3 and 97.92% removal of LAS was achieved. However, the increase of the pH reduced the efficiency of LAS removal. The proper chemical dosages of FeSO$_4$ and $H_2O_2$ were 300 mg/l and the increase of dosages didn't affected the removal efficiency. Therefore, it was concluded that the economic chemical dosage was 300 mg/l of FeSO$_4$ and $H_2O_2$. 2. In case of Alum treatment, optimal pH was 11 with 61.13% removal efficiency. At other pH range, the removal efficiency was very low indicating that removal efficiency is greatly influenced by pH. The proper chemical dosage was 200 mg/l with the removal efficiency of 77.65%. The increase of chemical dosage, however, reduced the removal efficiency. 3. In case of using PAC, optimal pH was 6 with 97.99% removal efficiency. The result showed that wastewaters containing surfactant were almost completely removed at pH 6 by PAC. Removal efficiency was decreased by increasing PAC dosage higher than 400 mg/l and dosage over 700 mg/l of PAC abolished the treatment. 4. The comparative analysis of three methods revealed that the effective pH ranges were at pH 2-5 with Fenton oxidation, at pH 6-11 with PAC, and pH 11 with Alum. The removal efficiencies at these pH were 83.95-97.92%, 75.98-97.99% and 61.13%, respectively. 5. Increase in LAS concentration reduced the removal efficiencies of all three methods. In the case of PAC or Alum treatment, treatment abolished at LAS concentration higher than 700 mg/l.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.497-503
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and mechanism of the cryo-precipitation, solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment, monoclonal anti-FVIIIc antibody (mAb) column chromatography, Q-Sepharose column chromatography, and lyophilization involved in the manufacture of antithemophilic factor VII(GreenMono) from human plasma, in the removal and/or inactivation of blood-borne viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus (BHV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV), were all selected for this study. BHV and EMCV were effectively partitioned from a factor VII during the cryo-precipitation with a log reduction factor of 2.83 and 3.24, respectively. S/D treatment using the organic solvent, tri(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and the detergent, Triton X-100, was a robust and effective step in inactivating enveloped viruses. The titers of BHV and BVDV were reduced from the initial titer of 8.85 and $7.89{log_10} {TCID_50}$, respectively, reaching undetectable levels within 1 min of the S/D treatment. The mAb chromatography was the most effective step for removing nonenveloped viruses, EMCV and PPV, with the log reduction factors of 4.86 and 3.72, respectively. Q-Sepharose chromatography showed a significant efficacy for partitioning BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV with the log reduction the log reduction factors of 2.32, 2.49, 2.60, and 1.33 respectively. Lyophilization was an effective step in inactivating g nonenveloped viruses rather than enveloped viruses, where the log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, DMCV, and PPV were 1.41, 1.79, 4.76, and 2.05, respectively. The cumulative log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV were ${\geqq}$11.12, ${\geqq}$7.88, 15.46, and 7.10, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for GreenMono has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of the virus safety.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.472-479
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the effective removal method of THMs and humic material in drinking water when the doses of oxidants, coagulants, and activated carbon, and the points of oxidants treatment were changed in the drinking water treatment process. The inhibition of THMs formation and the removal of humic matter were more effectively achieved by $ClO_2$ than by other oxidants, $Cl_2,\;NH_2Cl,\;KMnO_4\;and\;O_3$. By changing the point of oxidant treatment, the formation of THMs was reduced by about 36.7 to 8.2% on treatment after coagulation, but the content of humic matter was not affected. The coagulation efficiency of alum and ferric sulfate to coagulate organic materials in water was affected by the molecular weight of humic matter in drinking water. The treatment of activated carbon after filtration was found to be more effective than that before oxidation in inhibiting THMs formation and removing THMs.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.534-539
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• 2020

Experimental research is needed to provide information on the removal of bloodstains since washing clothes contaminated with blood is necessary for medical related fields (such as ambulance workers and doctors) as well as for women of childbearing age. This study investigated efficient washing conditions for the removal of bloodstains with a focus on washing temperature, fiber type and blood ageing time. Polyester/cotton fabric showed the highest detergency from among three fabrics that were influenced by the composition of the fiber and the structure of the yarn and fabric. When examining the effect of detergent, it was concluded that the alkalinity over pH 10 was essential to remove bloodstains and that auxiliary agents such as soil antiredeposition agents and bleach had a significant effect on the removal of bloodstains. Washing temperature showed the highest detergency at 20℃ due to the activity of the enzyme without the denaturalization of blood. Blood-ageing influenced detergency by inducing changes in the adsorption area and chemical bond. A combination of methods such as quick removal after contamination, use of alkaline detergents including soil antiredeposition agents and bleach, and low-temperature washing could help remove bloodstains.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.115-120
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• 1997

The purpose of thesis was to investigate the removal efficiency of surfactants and commercial detergents by Oenanthe javanica that is one of aquatic plants in Korea. The experiment is concerned with measuring the concentrations of surfactants and commercial detergents in different media: 1) in pure water, 2) in water containing Oenanthe javanica, 3) in water containing Oenanthe javanica and commercial nutrients. The surfactants used in this research include linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), $\alpha$-sulfo fatty acid methyl esters(MES), and alkylbenzene sulfonates(ABS). Two commercial detergents designated as A and B were in the forms of power and liquid. The results showed that LAS and MES were more effectively removed by Oenanthe javanica probably because these have a chain of linear carbon than on ABS with a branched carbon structure. In the case of commercial detergents, when the except was performed on the basis of surfactants proportion, the removal trends were similar to LAS and MES. The 5-day cultivating test with initial concentration of 0.5-1.0 ppm surfactants showed that less than 10% was removed if no nutrients an Oenanthe javanica were added. When Oenanthe javanica was added into the sample solution containing surfactants, the removal efficiency was increased 100% for the solution containing 0.5-1.0 ppm 60-70% for 5-10 ppm. In addition, chlorisis on Oenanthe javanica was observed due to surfactants and commercial detergents for all three cases. To test the dependence of population density on nutrients, the initial population density was made 300 g/0.4 m$^2$. Throughout the 5-day experiment, the on Oenanthe javanica grew 20-25% with 0.5-1.0 ppm without the synthetic nutrients but by 5% with a high concentrations of 5-10 ppm. The population density was appeared to be independent of synthetic nutrients. The leaves were to be grown with synthetic nutrients, while roots were grown without synthetic nutrients. Based on this research, the fundamental data concerning cultivation and an adequate adjustment of the water condition can provide for the utilization of Oenanthe javanica in real water treatment system.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.26-33
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• 2010

We searched at the "PubMed.gov" and "jendodon.com" sites to conduct a literature review on dental instruments that are reused in clinical settings and on infection control involving pre-disinfection or sterilization cleaning/rinsing. The keyword "dental clean" was used for the Web search. We found the present official definition of instrument cleaning performed prior to disinfection or sterilization rather limiting ("removal of foreign matter (soil, organism, etc.) from the instruments"). Thus, we proposed to expand the definition to include the removal of oils applied to protect the metallic instruments and from corrosion, stains, and rust resulting from the frequent reuse of the instruments. Clinicians are found to clean their dental instruments (a) immediately after treating their patients or (b) following their treatment but not immediately afterward. In the latter case, we recommend presoaking to be added. Ultrasonic sterilization of 5~15 minutes is found to be more effective in terms of eliminating residual matter from the instruments compared to other methods. To check on the cleaning results, we recommend visual inspection, which can be quick and practical in clinical settings. The latest products being developed and marketed on the market address the related problems. Nonetheless, research must be continued on the effects of presoak, cleaning/rinsing, disinfection, and high-temperature or heating-based sterilization on the dental instruments and on dental clinicians' practices in cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization. We advise dental clinicians to select the proper cleaning methods and detergents for their instruments to help eliminate or prevent corrosion, staining, and rusting, to reduce the maintenance costs, and to ensure user-friendly instruments/apparatuses.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 1996

A microorganism producing carboxymethyl-cellulase (CMCase) was isolated from 300 soil and compost samples. The isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. by $Biolog^{TM}$ test and fatty acid analysis, and named as Bacillus sp. KD1014. The isolate could degrade, in addition to CMC, various kinds of polysaccharides such as levan, xylan, starch, and filter paper but hardly degrade microcrystalline Avicel. The optimum growth and CMCase production of the isolate was observed between 16-and 25 hr-culture at 45$^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0. The maximum CMCase activity was observed at pH 4.5 and 6$0^{\circ}C$. The CMCase was found to bind to Avicel. The CMCase was internally cleaved as growth continued. When crude supernatant was used for activity staining, three major bands were detected on a native gel, however, only one major band was detected on a denaturating gel after removal of the detergent.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.720-720
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• 2002

A number of investigations have shown that the presence of bacteria is prerequisite for developing pulpal and/or periradicular pathosis. Depending on the stage of pulpal pathosis, various species of bacteria can be cultured from infected root canals. Kakehashi et al. showed that exposure of pulpal tissue in germ-free rats was characterized by minimal inflammation and dentinal bridging while exposure of pulpal tissue in conventional rats with normal oral flora was characterized by pulpal necrosis, chronic inflammation, and periapical lesions. Currently used methods of cleaning and shaping, especially rotary instrumentation techniques, produce a smear layer that covers root canal walls and the openings to the dentinal tubules. The smear layer contains inorganic and organic substances that include fragments of odontoblastic processes, microorganisms, their by products and necrotic materials. Because of its potential contamination and adverse effect on the outcome of root canal therapy, it seems reasonable to suggest removal of the smear layer for disinfection of the entire root canal system. Presence of this smear layer prevents penetration of intracanal medications into the irregularities of the root canal system and the dentinal tubules and also prevents complete adaptation of obturation materials to the prepared root canal surfaces. Removal of the smear layer by an intracanal irrigant and placement of an antibacterial agent in direct contact with the content of dentinal tubules should allow disinfection of this complex system and better outcome for the root canal therapy. A new solution, which was a mixture of a tetracycline, an acid, and a detergent(MTAD), was developed in the Department of Endodontics, Dental School. Lorna Linda University, USA. It has been demonstrated that MTAD was an effective solution for the removal of the smear layer and does not significantly change the structure of the dentinal tubules when used as a final irrigant in conjunction with 1 % NaOCl as a root canal irrigant. Studies are in progress to compare the anti- microbial properties of this newly developed solution with those of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA that are currently used to irrigate the root canals and remove the smear layer from the surfaces of instrumented root canals.canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.28.1-28.13
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• 2020

Objectives: To evaluate the outcome of in vitro studies comparing the effectiveness of QMix irrigant in removing the smear layer in the root canal system compared with other irrigants. Materials and Methods: The research question was developed by using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design framework. Literature search was performed using 3 electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost until October 2019. Two reviewers were independently involved in the selection of the articles and data extraction process. Risk of bias of the studies was independently appraised using revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) based on 5 domains. Results: Thirteen studies fulfilled the selection criteria. The overall risk of bias was moderate. QMix was found to have better smear layer removal ability than mixture of tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and phytic acid. The efficacy was less effective than 7% maleic acid and 10% citric acid. No conclusive results could be drawn between QMix and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid due to conflicting results. QMix was more effective when used for 3 minutes than 1 minute. Conclusions: QMix has better smear layer removal ability compared to MTAD, NaOCl, Tubulicid Plus, and Phytic acid. In order to remove the smear layer more effectively with QMix, it is recommended to use it for a longer duration.