• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 1986

The effect of $^{60}Co$ are discussed with regard to radiochemical destruction detergent. The study deals specifically with the effect gamma radiation from $^{60}Co$ source upon aquous solution of detergent. Test on biodegradation of A B S (solium alkyl benzene sulfonate) under the waste-water prior to the detergent conversion to biodegradable surfactants. The reason for removal of A B S was their extreme environmental stability and the associateo appearance of foam in waste water treatment plants. Although the A B S are considered biodegradable the time required for biodegradation in practical with the present environmental guidelines.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1981

The effect of fatty acid content in oily soil and conditions of washing on the removal of triglyceride have been studied. Cotton lawn was soiled with the four-component soil-tripalmitin, palmitic acid, dodecyl alcohol and dodecane-and washed in constant temperature waterbath shaker. The detergency was estimated by analysis of triglyceride labelled carbon-14 on fabrics before and after washing by means of liquid scintillation counting. It was shown that the detergency of triglyceride washed with the nonionic, nonylphenol poly (10)-ethylene oxide and soap was increased steadily with increasing temperature, whereas with the anionics Na-DBS and SLS, the detergency was rather decreased when the temperature was elevated above $40^{\circ}C$. To investigate the effects of free fatty acid content in soil on the removal of triglyceride, the fabrics were soiled altering palmitic acid content, and then washed. From the results, the detergency of triglyceride was developed with increasing free fatty acid content. With soils containing less than $30\%$ of free fatty acid, of the three detergents tested, the nonionic was by far the most effective soil removal. Soap was intermediate and the synthetic anionic was the poorest. With soil containing $45\%$ of free fatty acid, soap was the most effective soil removal. When NaOH was added to detergent solution. the detergency of triglyceride was improved without regard to detergents. The optimum alkalinity was obtained according to free fatty acid content. And the alkalinity changed to low NaOH concentration with increasing free fatty acid content. From the results mentioned above, it could be concluded that the major removal mechanisms of triglyceride containing oily soil were mesomorphic phase formation, solubilization and soap forma-tion when alkali was added in detergent solution.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.671-678
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• 2007

Formulations of compact and supercompact heavy-duty detergents, which are being used widely around the world, differ from those of conventional heavy-duty detergents. Significant differences in composition exist between the compact detergents and the conventional detergents. The compact detergents have a higher content of surfactants, oxygen bleach and enzymes than the conventional detergents. We have studied to find the most effective washing conditions of artificially soiled cloths with a commercial, supercompact, heavy-duty detergent and a drum type washing machine which is becoming the preferred type in Korea. Moreover, we have studied the washing performance with an impeller type washing machine, which has heretofore been the most popular type in East Asia. With the drum-type washing machine, washing performances improved as the washing temperatures went up and the washing times were lengthened. Though the rate of soil removal with a double recommended dosage was higher than with the recommended amount at $20^{\circ}C$, the effects of the higher dosage decreased as the washing temperatures increased. Finally, the washing performances with the two different dosages were the same at $60^{\circ}C$. The washing performances at $40^{\circ}C$ with the recommended dosage for 90 minutes were the same as with the double recommended dosage for 45 minutes. The soil removal efficiencies with the impeller-type washing machine were much lower than those of the drum-type washing machine. The reasons for this were the higher bath ratio that led to the lower concentration of wash liquor, the shorter washing time, and the lower washing temperature.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2023

Protease is a widely used enzyme particularly in the detergent industry. In this research, we aimed to isolate alkaline protease-producing bacteria for characterization as a laundry detergent additive. The screening of alkaline protease production was investigated on basal medium agar plus 1% skim milk at pH 11, with incubation at 30℃. The highest alkaline protease-producing bacterium was 6BS15-4 strain, identified as Bacillus gibsonii by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While the optimum pH was 12.0, the strain was stable at pH range 7.0-12.0 when incubated at 45℃ for 60 min. The alkaline protease produced by B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 using dairy effluent was characterized. The optimum temperature was 60℃ and the enzyme was stable at 55℃ when incubated at pH 11.0 for 60 min. Metal ions K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Na⁺, and Zn²⁺ exhibited a slightly stimulatory effect on enzyme activity. The enzyme retained over 80% of its activity in the presence of Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, and Mn²⁺. Thiol reagent and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity, whereas phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride significantly inhibited the protease activity. The alkaline protease from B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 demonstrated efficiency in blood stain removal and could therefore be used as a detergent additive, with potential for various other industrial applications.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2002

방울토마토의 생산단계에서의 잔류허용기준 설정과 수확 후 저장기간중 경시변화 및 세척에 의한 잔류농약의 감소양상을 파악하였다. 해당약제를 안전사용기준의 기준량 및 배량을 각각 시설재배 포장에서 살포 후 10일간 잔류양상을 조사하였고, 실온 및 냉장조건 하에서의 저장실험 및 세척에 따른 잔류농약의 감소량을 파악하여 생산단계부터, 출하, 저장, 소비단계까지의 잔류량을 예측할 수 있는 모델개발을 위한 자료로 이용하고자 연구를 수행하였다. Dichlofluanid와 iprodione은 포장조건에서 반감일수가 기준량 2.2, 3.3일 이었으며, 배량은 3.5, 5.4일로 나타났다. 저장 조건하에서의 약제별 반감기는 포장조건보다 잔류량의 감소 속도가 느린 것으로 나타나 반감일수가 증가하였고, 세척방법에 의한 잔류농약의 감소량을 조사한 결과 세제 사용시의 평균제거율은 dichlofluanid는 73.7%, iprodione은 64.3%로 나타났고, tap-water 사용시에는 dichlofluanid 73.5%, iprodione 63.5%로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 작물의 생산단계에서 구한 합리적인 회귀식을 이용하여 잔류농약의 경시변화를 파악하고, 저장 및 세척과정을 거쳐 최종 소비단계에서의 잔류농약의 수준을 평가할 수 있었다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.18-18
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• 2001

This study has examined the removal of mixed soil of protein and fat by protease. Cotton and PET fabrics were soiled by spotting of hemoglobin and triolein, respectively. The soiling order and soil concentration were changed in this procedure. The soiled fabrics were aged at 130℃ for 20 minutes. Protease was added in the alcohol ethoxylate(AE) detergent solution. The removal effciency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or fat on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of PET fabrics was higher than that of cotton fabrics. The removal efficiency of hemoglobin was improved by protease from cotton and PET fabrics. Especially the removal efficiency of hemoglobin was remarkably improved from cotton fabrics. With the increase of hemoglobin and triolein (1:1) mixed soil, the removal of mixed soil was increased in proportion to mixed soil content up to a certain point. but it began to decrease above the point from cotton fabrics, while it was generally increased from PET fabrics. The detergency of total mixed soil from cotton fabrics was higher in case of soiling order with triolein after hemoglobin than in case of soiling order with triolein before hemoglobin. But the soiling order was not greatly effected in the detergency of total mixed soil from PET fabrics.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2001

This study has examined the removal of mixed soil of protein and fat by protease. Cotton and PET fabrics were soiled by spotting of hemoglobin and triolein, respectively. The soiling order and soil concentration were changed in this procedure. The soiled fabrics were aged at $130^\circ{C}$ for 20 minutes. Protease was added in the alcohol ethoxylate(AE) detergent solution. The removal effciency was evaluated by analysis of protein and/or fat on the fabrics before and after washing, respectively. The detergency of PET fabrics was higher than that of cotton fabrics. The removal efficiency of hemoglobin was improved by protease from cotton and PET fabrics. Especially the removal efficiency of hemoglobin was remarkably improved from cotton fabrics. With the increase of hemoglobin and triolein (1:1) mixed soil, the removal of mixed soil was increased in proportion to mixed soil content up to a certain point. but it began to decrease above the point from cotton fabrics, while it was generally increased from PET fabrics. The detergency of total mixed soil from cotton fabrics was higher in case of soiling order with triolein after hemoglobin than in case of soiling order with triolein before hemoglobin. But the soiling order was not greatly effected in the detergency of total mixed soil from PET fabrics.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.23-31
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• 1999

In order to investigate the detergency of the mixture of compact detergent and bleaching agent to fabric stained with a coffee and a red wine, respectively, and a japanese wet stained fabrics, to evaluation of detergency was studied under various washing conditions. In order to study the effect of alkaline agent addition on the detergency, the soda ash was added in the compact detergent system. The results are as follows : In a low temperature washing condition, the alkalinity of washing liquor effected more the removal of the composite stained fabrics than that of oilic stained fabrics. For the colored stained fabric such as red wine stained sample, the influence of the repeated washing treatment on the detergency was not significant factor. On the other hand, the influence of the repeated washing treatment for the coffee stained and japanese wet stained fabric on the detergency was gradually increased.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1980

Microorgansims utilizing anionic detergent as their carbon and sulfur sources were isolated from soils and sewages. Alkyl benzene sulfonate (Hiti) and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) were the detergent compound tested. Three of these isolated microorganisms were identified as Pseudomonas spp. and the others asKlbsiella, Enterobacter and Acinetobacter. Biodegradation rate of the detergents and growth rate of Acinetobacter Strain II-8, Pseudomonas strain H-3-1 and 554 among six isolated microorganisms were investigated with colorimetric, warburg manometric, and ultraviolet absorption analyses. By performance of 4 serial successive tranfer to new culture broth for the purpose of adaptation method, ABS and SDS could be degraded to far more than 40%-60% and 70%-75%, respectively. However the employment of nonadaptation method, ABS and SDS were degraded to 30%-45% and 45%-65%, respectively. In another words, detergents degradation ability was increased to a certain extent by successive transfer to the new minimal media. We would conclude that the development of adaptation was effective in the removal of recalcitrant compounds.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.89-108
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• 1991

Organophosphorus pesticide residues such as Diazinon, Fenitrothion and EPN in apple and effect of storage peeling and washing on removal of the residues from apple soaked in 3 kinds of pesticides solutions for 20 seconds were studed with gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detecter(GC-NPD). Result obtained are as follows : 1) Average concentrations of DiaEinon, Fenitrothion, and EPN detected in apple of control group were 0.022, 0.007 and 0.008 ppm respectively. 2) Decreasing rates of Diazinon on 7 th, 14 th, 21 st, 28 th, and 35 th day after soaking apple on the pesticide solution were 41.3% , 68.6% , 87.0%, 96.9% and 99.5% respectively. In case of Fenitrothion were 46.9%, 66.3%, 84.9%, 93.2% and 97.3% and EPN were 45.7 %, 76.2%, 85.4%, 95.7% and 99.4% respectively. 3) The removal rate of Diazinon, Fenitrothion and EPN by washing with water alone were 93.7%, 70.6% and 51.5% respectively, and 97.1% , 78.4% ailed 76.5% by washing with 0.2% detergent solution respectively. The results obtained in this study have show that 3 kinds of pesticides detected in app- les were below the Korean standard for residual pesticides and pesticides contaminated in apples were decreased in considerable degree by washing with water and 2% detergent solution and removed almost completely after storage for 35 days (5 weeks). Therefore, it would be concluded that washing and peeling will be the most effective way for safely because more than 90% of pesticide exist in peel.