• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2022

Lipids are one of the major macronutrients essential for adequate growth and maintenance of human health. Their structure is not only complex but also diverse, which makes systematic and holistic analyses challenging; consequently, little is known regarding the relationship between phenotype and mechanism of action. In recent years, rapid advancements have been made in the fields of lipidomics and bioinformatics. In comparison with traditional approaches, mass spectrometry-based lipidomics can rapidly identify as well as quantify >1,000 lipid species at the same time, facilitating comprehensive, robust analyses of lipids in tissues, cells, and body fluids. Accordingly, lipidomics is now being widely applied in various fields, particularly food and nutrition science. In this review, we discuss lipid classification, extraction techniques, and detection and analysis using lipidomics. We also cover how lipidomics is being used to assess food obtained from livestock and poultry. The information included herein should serve as a reference to determine how to characterize lipids in animal food samples, enhancing our understanding of the application of lipidomics in the field in animal husbandry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.1031-1045
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• 2022

Postbiotics are defined as probiotics inactivated by heat, ultraviolet radiation, sonication, and other physical or chemical stresses. Postbiotics are more stable than probiotics, and these properties are advantageous for food additives and pharmacological agents. This study investigated the immunostimulatory effects of heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM1004 (HT-LM1004). Cellular fatty acid composition of L. plantarum LM1004 isolated form kimchi was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection system. The nitric oxide (NO) content was estimated using Griess reagent. Immunostimulatory cytokines were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Relative protein expressions were evaluated by western blotting. Phagocytosis was measured using enzyme-labelled Escherichia coli particles. L. plantarum LM1004 showed 7 kinds of cellular fatty acids including palmitic acid (C16:0). The HT-LM1004 induced release of NO and upregulated the inducible NO synthase in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels were also increased compared to control (non-treated macrophages). Furthermore, HT-LM1004 modulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) subfamilies including p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Therefore, these immunostimulatory effects were attributed to the production of transcriptional factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the activator protein 1 family (AP-1). However, HT-LM1004 did not showed significant phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Overall, HT-LM1004 stimulated MAPK/AP-1 and NF-κB expression, resulting in the release of NO and cytokines. These results will contribute to the development of diverse types of food and pharmacological products for immunostimulatory agents with postbiotics.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.1120-1129
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to determine the protective efficacy of Buddha's Temple (BT) extract against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in Gallus gallus chicken embryo fibroblast cell line (DF-1) and its effects on the cell lipid metabolism. Methods: In this experimental study, Gallus gallus DF-1 fibroblast cells were pretreated with BT 10^-7 for 24 hours, followed by their six-hour exposure to t-BHP (100 μM). Water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8 (WST-8) assays were performed, and the growth curve was computed. The intracellular gene expression changes caused by BT extract were confirmed through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Flow cytometry, oil red O staining experiment, and thin-layer chromatography were performed for the detection of intracellular metabolic mechanism changes. Results: The WST-8 assay results showed that the BT pretreatment of Gallus gallus DF-1 fibroblast cell increased their cell survival rate by 1.08%±0.04%, decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by 0.93%±0.12% even after exposure to oxidants, and stabilized mitochondrial activity by 1.37%±0.36%. In addition, qPCR results confirmed that the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-beta (TICAM1), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) were regulated, which contributed to cell stabilization. Thin-layer chromatography and oil red O analyses showed a clear decrease in the contents of lipid metabolites such as triacylglycerol and free fatty acids. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed that the examined BT extract exerted selective protective effects on Gallus gallus DF-1 fibroblast cells against cell damage caused by t-BHP, which is a strong oxidative inducer. Furthermore, we established that this extract significantly reduced the intracellular ROS accumulation due to oxidative stress, which contributes to an increase in poultry production and higher incomes.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2009

G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) family is a cell membrane protein, and plays an important role in a signaling mechanism which transmits external signals through cell membranes into cells. But, GPCRs each are known to have various complex control mechanisms and very unique signaling mechanisms. Structural features, and family and subfamily of GPCRs are well known by function. and accordingly, the most fundamental work in studies identifying the previous GPCRs is to classify the GPCRs with given protein sequences. Studies for classifying previously identified GPCRs more easily with mathematical models have been mainly going on. In this paper Considering that functions of proteins are determined by their stereoscopic structures, the present paper proposes a method to compare secondary structures of two GPCRs having different amino acid sequences, and then detect an unknown GPCRs assumed to have a same function in databases of previously identified GPCRs.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1073-1080
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• 2023

The development and speed improvement of the Internet network, and the development of many platforms based on it, have brought about a rapid expansion of production and consumption of various contents. However, the existing IP-based Internet system cannot efficiently cope with such an urgent increase in data. Accordingly, an alternative called the CCN(Contents Centric Network) has emerged, enabling more efficient data transmission and reception centered on content rather than host. In this paper, we will deal with the mobility of intermediate nodes in CCN real-time streaming service, which is one of the major research fields of CCN, and minimize network overload through more efficient path switching through RSSI detection. In other words, by improving the method of selecting and switching a spare path when an intermediate node located between the requester(consumer) and the provider moves, a mechanism for managing data transmission is not interrupted and unnecessary load due to route switching does not occur in the network.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.651-666
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• 2024

Android devices employ lock screens with various authentication methods to protect user data. However, even with the lock screen active, the device can be accessed via the Android Debug Bridge(ADB), a powerful development tool that controls devices connected through USB. In this paper, we explore methods to bypass the lock screen security mechanism by leveraging the characteristics of ADB. To achieve this, we analyze ADB commands to categorize those that can severely impact the Android system and propose LockPickFuzzer, a fuzzing test tool that automatically explores ways to combine these commands to disable lock screen security. To demonstrate LockPickFuzzer's ability to detect security vulnerabilities using ADB, we conducted experiments on the Galaxy S23 and Pixel 8, both running Android 14. The results revealed two ADB command combinations that could either steal authentication information or bypass the lock screen. We submitted a report on these discovered vulnerabilities to the Samsung security team and received official acknowledgment (SVE-2023-1344) from Samsung Electronics for one ADB command combination that can be reproduced on user devices. LockPickFuzzer is a practical tool that operates automatically without user intervention and is expected to contribute to the effective detection of security vulnerabilities caused by ADB command combinations on Android devices.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.933-937
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• 2012

In the present study, we evaluate the sensitivity and optimal stripping voltammetry (SV) conditions of copper (Cu), which is one of the main trace heavy metals inducing the environmental contamination, using carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode. In addition, the reaction mechanism of stripping reaction of Cu is investigated. The electrochemical analyses such as squarewave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and linear scan voltammetry (LSV) are used for the evaluations. As a result of that, the best SWSV conditions like squarewave amplitude of 15 mV, frequency of 60 Hz, deposition potential of -1.0V vs. Ag/AgCl and deposition time of 200s are determined with the measured Cu sensitivity of $1.824{\mu}A/{\mu}M$. As a driving force affecting the stripping reaction of Cu, surface reaction is more dominant one than diffusion. These results are compared with other reference results and it is confirmed that our suggested CNT electrode gives rise to better Cu sensitivity result than other references.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2001

Purpose : To identify occult intra-articular pathologies in the acute ankle fracture using arthroscopy and to investigate the factors to predict its possibility of occult injuries that could be occurred. Materials and Methods : This prospective study included fifty patients who got operation for the ankle fractures. Ankle arthroscopy was performed to document the type and anatomical location of occult lesion. We investigated the correlation between incidence of occult injuries and specific fracture type. Results : Of fifty ankles, 37 ankles had occult lesion. Twenty five loose bodies including displaced fragments were found and various cartilage lesions were found in 31 ankles. Tibial avulsion fragment by anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament was occurred in 6 cases. There was no correlation between the incidence of occult lesion and various factors including age, sex, injury mechanism and fracture type(p>0.05). Conclusion : The ankle arthroscopy had an effective role for the detection and treatment of occult injuries and it was difficult to predict the occurrence or associated accurately in all of th ankle fractures.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2003

Background: The S100A2 gene, also known as S100L or CaN19, encodes a protein comprised of 99-amino acids, is a member of the calcium-binding proteins of EF-hand family. According to a recent study, this gene was over-expressed in several early and malignant carcinomas compared to normal tissues. To elucidate the role of S100A2 protein in the process during carcinogenesis, production of monoclonal antibody specific to the protein is essential. Methods: First, cDNA sequence coding for ORF region of human S100A2 gene was amplified and cloned into an expression vector to produce GST fusion protein. Recombinant S100A2 protein and subsequently, monoclonal antibody to the protein were produced. The specificity of anti-S100A2 monoclonal antibody was confirmed by immunoblot analysis of cross reactivity to other recombinant proteins of S100A family (GST-S100A1, GST-S100A4 and GST-S100A6). To confirm the relation of S100A2 to cervical carcinogenesis, S100A2 protein in early cervical carcinoma tissue was immunostained using the monoclonal antibody. Results: GST-S100A2 recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography and then fusion protein was cleaved and S100A2 protein was isolated. The monoclonal antibody (KK0723; Korean patent pending #2001-30294) to the protein was produced and the antibody did not react with other members of EF-hand family proteins such as S100A1, S100A4 and S100A6. Conclusion: These data suggest that anti-S100A2 monoclonal antibody produced in this study can be very useful for the early detection of cervical carcinoma and elucidation of mechanism during the early cervical carcinogenesis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2007

The cDNA sequence of the Japanese flounder (Paralychthys olivaceus) IgD has been previously reported (GenBank accession no. AB052658) and this was followed by the detection of IgD mRNA expression in some flounder organ tissues. However, it has not been determined whether the flounder IgD gene is virtually expressed into IgD protein. To characterize the flounder immunoglobulins utilized in elucidating the mechanism, evolution and diversity of the flounder immune system, antibodies specific to IgD and IgM were necessary. In the present study, partial flounder recombinant IgD (rIgD), IgM (rIgM) and the conserved regions of IgD and IgM (rCIg) were produced by cloning the cDNA sequence using isotype specific primers which were designed to produce unique fragments of IgD and IgM specific amino acid sequences. The production of recombinant Igs was ascertained by SDS-gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis using anti-T7$\cdot}$Taq antibody. The produced recombinant Igs were purified using affinity columns, and used as immunogens. Antibodies specific to the isotype of flounder Igs were generated by immunizing rabbits with rfIgs and the antibodies produced were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Specificities of the generated antibodies were evaluated by testing cross-reactivity between recombinant IgM and IgD. By ELISA, rabbit antibodies against the rfIgD fragment (anti-rfIgD) failed to recognize any kind of flounder serum Igs, whereas respective antibodies against rfCIg (anti-rfCIg) and rfIgM fragments (anti-rfIgM) reacted with serum Igs. Likewise, in immunoblot assays, though anti-rfIgD did not, both anti-rfCIg and anti-rfIgM bound with the ~85 kd flounder IgM heavy chain. By flow cytometry analysis, anti-rfCIg, anti-rfIgD and anti-rfIgM reacted with 6%, 3% and 6.5% of cells, respectively, suggesting that flounder IgD is not secreted in serum but expressed on flounder B-like cell surfaces as in mammals. Antibodies produced against recombinant flounder Igs could be used to develop sandwich assay systems for detecting flounder Igs and for further investigating the flounder immune system.