• 제목/요약/키워드: design provisions

검색결과 460건 처리시간 0.026초

포스트 텐션 플랫 플레이트 외부 접합부의 내진 거동 (Seismic Behaviour of Exterior Joints in Post-Tensioned Flat Plate Systems)

  • 한상환;기성훈;강현구;조종;이리형
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.595-602
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구의 목적은 중력 하중에 저항하도록 설계된 플랫 플레이트 외부 접합부의 이력 거동을 평가하는 데 있다. 이러한 목적을 위하여 2/3의 크기가 조정된 PT 슬래브-기둥 외부 접합부 2개와 RC 슬래브-기둥 외부 접합부 1개를 대상으로 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 여기서 각각의 PT 실험체는 서로 다른 강선 배치 형태를 띄고 있다. 중력 하중은 동일하게 설정하였고, 지속적인 정적 하중 하에서 유사 정적 횡하중을 적용하였다. 한편 모든 실험체는 ACI 318-05과 ACI 352.1R-89에 근거하여 기둥 폭 내에 하부 철근을 배근 하였다. 또한 PT 외부 접합부의 이력 거동에 대한 일반적인 결론을 얻기 위하여 기존 연구자들의 실험 결과와 함께 비교하였다. 이번 연구를 통하여 강선의 배치는 PT 접합부의 이력 거동을 결정하는 중요한 변수임을 확인하였다. 즉 횡변형 성능, 에너지 소산 능력, 파괴 메커니즘, 그리고 연성 능력이 강선의 배치에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한 ACI 352.1R-89에서 구조적 일체성을 위해 제공된 하부 철근의 양은 모멘트 역전에 의해 발생된 정모멘트를 저항하는데 있어서도 적절하다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또한 실험체의 전단 강도는 강선의 포스트 텐션에 의한 평균 콘크리트 압축 응력($f_{pc}$)의 효과가 고려된 식이 그렇지 않은 식보다 전단 강도를 정확히 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.

기존 아파트 바닥의 수직진동 성능 평가 (Evaluation of Floor Vibration Existing in Apartment Building)

  • 한상환;이민정
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.221-228
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구에서는 현장 측정과 유한요소 해석을 이용하여 기존 아파트 바닥의 수직진동 성능 평가를 수행하였다. 평가에 사용된 기준은 ATC-1(1999) 기준과 AISC-11(1997) 기준, 그리고 일본건축학회 기준(1991)이며, 우리나라 사람의 감성을 고려하기 위해 선행연구에서 수행된 인지실험으로 제안된 인지곡선(2003)을 함께 사용하였다. 뒤꿈치 충격하중(heel drop)과 보행하중(walking)을 이용한 현장 측정으로 바닥판의 동특성을 파악하고 최대가속도값을 측정하여 이를 기준과 비교하였다. 대상 바닥판의 동특성은 고유진동수가 17Hz~22Hz이고, 감쇠비는 3~4%이다. 수직진동 성능 평가에 앞서 현행 기준의 최소두께 기준과 대상 바닥판의 두께를 비교 검토한 결과 기준의 최소값은 만족하나, 단부 슬래브에 대한 10% 증대 항목을 적용하면 만족하지 않았다. 대상 바닥의 보행하중에 대한 최대가속도값은 모두 ATC-1(1999) 및 AISC-11(1997) 기준과 일본건축학회 기준(1991)을 만족하지 못하였고, 뒤꿈치 충격하중에 대한 최대가속도값은 64RC-L만 일본건축학회 기준(1991)의 제한값에 근접하며 만족하였다. 우리나라 사람의 감성이 고려된 인지곡선(2003)과의 비교 결과 보행하중과 뒤꿈치 충격하중에 대한 대상 바닥판의 최대가속도값은 모두 '약하게 인지' 수준과 '인지하지 못함' 수준에 사이에 분포하고 있어, '인지하지 못함'을 인지의 하한선으로 본다면 대상 바닥판에서는 모두 진동을 인지하게 된다. 또한 유한요소 해석으로 구한 1KN의 정적 집중하중에 대한 처짐은 모두 1mm 미만으로 10Hz 이상의 고유진동수를 갖는 바닥판에 대하여 고려하도록 하는 ATC-1(1999) 및 AISC-11(1997)의 최소 강성 기준은 만족함을 알 수 있었다.

고층 아파트 피난설계기준 비교분석을 통한 문제점 도출 연구 (A Study on Identifying Problems by the Comparative Analysis of High-Rise Apartment Evacuation Design Codes)

  • 황은경;서동구
    • 한국화재소방학회논문지
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    • 제31권6호
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    • pp.47-52
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    • 2017
  • 최근 영국 그린펠타워 화재사건으로 인해 범정부차원에서 고층 건축물 화재안전대책이 다각적으로 모색되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 새로운 피난기준을 도입하기 이전에 각 개별법령에 산재되어 있는 고층 아파트 피난기준 비교분석을 통하여 현행 피난기준의 문제점을 도출하였으며, 향후 고층건축물 피난기준 개정을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 고층건축물 피난관련기준은 크게 건축법, 주택법, 초고층 재난관리법, 소방 시설법 등이 있었으며, 이외에도 지방자치단체에서 별도 자체 기준을 마련하여 운용하는 경우도 있었다. 주요 피난기준을 비교분석한 결과 각 개별법령 관련 기준 상이, 법령규정이외 추가기준 운용, 피난기준의 실효성 등의 문제점이 도출되었다. 이들 대부분은 단일 건축물에 여러 가지 기준 적용시 나타나는 문제로, 향후 관련 기준 개선을 위해서는 관련 부처간 협의가 매우 시급하다.

Contact forces generated by fallen debris

  • Sun, Jing;Lam, Nelson;Zhang, Lihai;Gad, Emad;Ruan, Dong
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제50권5호
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    • pp.589-603
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    • 2014
  • Expressions for determining the value of the impact force as reported in the literature and incorporated into code provisions are essentially quasi-static forces for emulating deflection. Quasi-static forces are not to be confused with contact force which is generated in the vicinity of the point of contact between the impactor and target, and contact force is responsible for damage featuring perforation and denting. The distinction between the two types of forces in the context of impact actions is not widely understood and few guidelines have been developed for their estimation. The value of the contact force can be many times higher than that of the quasi-static force and lasts for a matter of a few milli-seconds whereas the deflection of the target can evolve over a much longer time span. The stiffer the impactor the shorter the period of time to deliver the impulsive action onto the target and consequently the higher the peak value of the contact force. This phenomenon is not taken into account by any contemporary codified method of modelling impact actions which are mostly based on the considerations of momentum and energy principles. Computer software such as LS-DYNA has the capability of predicting contact force but the dynamic stiffness parameters of the impactor material which is required for input into the program has not been documented for debris materials. The alternative, direct, approach for an accurate evaluation of the damage potential of an impact scenario is by physical experimentation. However, it can be difficult to extrapolate observations from laboratory testings to behaviour in real scenarios when the underlying principles have not been established. Contact force is also difficult to measure. Thus, the amount of useful information that can be retrieved from isolated impact experiments to guide design and to quantify risk is very limited. In this paper, practical methods for estimating the amount of contact force that can be generated by the impact of a fallen debris object are introduced along with the governing principles. An experimental-calibration procedure forming part of the assessment procedure has also been verified.

A Comparative Study on Marine Transport Contract and Marine Insurance Contract with Reference to Unseaworthiness

  • Pak, Jee-Moon
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.152-177
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    • 2021
  • Purpose - This study analyses the excepted requirement and burden of proof of the carrier due to unseaworthiness through comparison between the marine transport contract and marine insurance contract. Design/methodology - This study uses the legal analytical normative approach. The juridical approach involves reviewing and examining theories, concepts, legal doctrines and legislation that are related to the problems. In this study a literature analysis using academic literature and internet data is conducted. Findings - The burden of proof in case of seaworthiness should be based on presumed fault, not proved fault. The burden of proving unseaworthiness/seaworthiness should shift to the carrier, and should be exercised before seeking the protections of the law or carriage contract. In other words, the insurer cannot escape coverage for unfitness of a vessel which arises while the vessel is at sea, which the assured could not have prevented in the exercise of due diligence. The insurer bears the burden of proving unseaworthiness. The warranty of seaworthiness is implied in hull, but not protection and indemnity policies. The 2015 Act repeals ss. 33(3) and 34 of MIA 1906. Otherwise the provisions of the MIA 1906 remain in force, including the definition of a promissory warranty and the recognition of implied warranties. There is less clarity about the position when the source of the loss occurs before the breach of warranty but the actual loss is suffered after the breach. Nonetheless, by s.10(2) of the 2015 Act the insurer appears not to be liable for any loss occurring after the breach of warranty and before there has been a remedy. Originality/value - When unseaworthiness is identified after the sailing of the vessel, mere acceptance of the ship does not mean the party waives any claims for damages or the right to terminate the contract, provided that failure to comply with the contractual obligations is of critical importance. The burden of proof with regards to loss of damage to a cargo caused by unseaworthiness is regulated by the applicable law. For instance, under the common law, if the cargo claimant alleges that the loss or damage has been caused by unseaworthiness, then he has the burden of proof to establish the followings: (i) that the vessel was unseaworthy at the beginning of the voyage; and that, (ii) that the loss or damage has been caused by such unseaworthiness. In other words, if the warranty of seaworthiness at the inception of the voyage is breached, the breach voids the policy if the ship owner had prior knowledge of the unseaworthy condition. By contrast, knowingly permitting the vessel to break ground in an unseaworthy condition denies liability only for loss or damage proximately caused by the unseaworthiness. Such a breach does not, therefore, void the entire policy, but only serves to exonerate the insurer for loss or damage proximately caused by the unseaworthy condition.

A Comparative Study on Requirements for the Buyer's Right to Withhold Performance for the Seller's Actual Non-Performance under the CISG and the CESL

  • Lee, Byung-Mun;Kim, Dong-Young
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • 제24권8호
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    • pp.101-120
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    • 2020
  • Purpose - The buyer's right to withhold performance is a useful and important self-help remedy to protect himself from the seller's breach of contract, and it is also the coercive means to induce the seller to perform his part of contract. However, the buyer's exercise of such a right often exposes himself to the risk of breaching the contract. This is generally due to his ignorance when he is entitled to the right and also uncertainties inherent in the law. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine what the requirements should be fulfilled before the buyer exercises the right for the seller's actual breach of contract. Design/methodology - In order to achieve the purposes of the study, it executes a comparative study of the rules as to the requirements for the buyer's right to withhold performance for the seller's actual non-performance under the CISG and the CESL. It mainly focuses on performance due, the seller's non-performance, the buyer's readiness to perform and the requirement of notice. Findings - The main findings of this comparative study can be summarized as follows: Although the CISG has no expressive provision for the buyer's general right to withhold performance for the seller's actual non-performance, it may be inferred from the general principles the CISG underlies, synallagmatic nature of the contract. In addition, it can be drawn by analogy from relevant provisions of the CISG. On the other hand, the CESL expressively provides that the buyer has a general right to withhold performance where the seller fails to tender performance or perform the contract. Therefore, it seems that the position of CESL is rather easier and more apparent to allow the buyer to withhold performance for the seller's non-performance. Originality/value - Most of the existing studies on the right to withhold performance under the CISG have centered on the right to withhold performance for an anticipatory breach of contract. On the other hand, there have been few prior studies on the right to withhold performance for the actual nonperformance during a contractual period of performance. Therefore, this paper examined the requirements for the buyer's right to withhold performance under the CISG and the CESL in a comparative way for the seller's actual breach of obligation. In this conclusion, it may provide practical and legal considerations and implications for business people who are not certain about the right to withhold performance.

Assessment of Legal Instruments and Applicability to the Use of Electronic Bills of Lading

  • Lee, Un-Ho
    • Journal of Korea Trade
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.31-52
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    • 2020
  • Purpose - This study mainly investigates two potential legal regimes expected to govern the use of electronic bills of lading: the Rotterdam Rules (2009) and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (2017). Widespread use of electronic bills of lading has been unsuccessful partly due to the absence of a uniform legal regime and protracted uncertainties. This paper aims to carry out an assessment of the possibilities where either of two potential legal regimes could provide certainty to the effect and validity of the use of electronic bills of lading, and contribute to the facilitation of electronically transferring the rights to goods carried by sea. Design/methodology - This paper first introduces two legal instruments and the relevance to electronic bills of lading. Since neither of these legal instruments has yet entered into force, the following section looks into the ratification or enactment possibilities based on a literature review and track records of the past legal regimes of the same kind. Assessment of the different adoption possibilities further requires comparative work of the two legal instruments, which will be based on an analysis of relevant provisions and a literature review. The literature review on the Rotterdam Rules delves into various studies and data produced since the UNCITRAL's adoption in 2009. The literature review on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records heavily relies on UNCITRAL working group documents from 2011 to 2017 together with the final explanatory note. Findings - The main findings can be summarized as follows. Application of the Rotterdam Rules would negate the role of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records assisting in the implementation of the Rotterdam Rules due to some conflicting issues. Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law alone can sufficiently provide a higher level of certainty in the use and effect of electronic bills of lading so long as lawmakers and parties are aware of some issues with the application. What concerns potential users most is the extension of the status quo, where neither of the legal instruments have any effect. It is necessary to take a number of alternatives into consideration, such as promotion of standard clauses and confirmation by a court ruling. Originality/value - Existing studies focus either on the Rotterdam Rules or on the UNCITRAL Model Law, but not both. Not many papers have yet dealt with the Model Law, which was adopted by UNCITRAL only 2 years ago, particularly in the context of a potential legal regime for electronic bills of lading. This paper attempts to introduce the differences between the two legal instruments in regulating the use of electronic bills of lading while providing an assessment of the various possibilities for which parties involved in international trade can be better prepared for the changing legal environment.

Innovative Technology of Teaching Moodle in Higher Pedagogical Education: from Theory to Pactice

  • Iryna, Rodionova;Serhii, Petrenko;Nataliia, Hoha;Kushevska, Natalia;Tetiana, Siroshtan
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제22권8호
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    • pp.153-162
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    • 2022
  • Relevance. Innovative activities in education should be aimed at ensuring the comprehensive development of the individual and professional development of students. The main idea of modular technology is that the student should learn by himself, and the teacher manages his learning activities. The advantage of modular technology is the ability of the teacher to design the study of the material in the most interesting and accessible forms for this part of the study group and at the same time achieve the best learning results. Innovative Moodle technology. it is gaining popularity every day, significantly expanding the space of teaching and learning, allowing students to study inter-faculty university programs in depth. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of implementation of the e-learning system Moodle. The study was conducted at the South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky in order to identify barriers to the effective implementation of innovative distance learning technologies Moodle and introduce a new model that will have a positive impact on the development of e-learning. Methodology. The paper used a combination of theoretical and empirical research methods. These include: scientific analysis of sources on this issue, which allowed us to formulate the initial provisions of the study; analysis of the results of students 'educational activities; pedagogical experiment; questionnaires; monitoring of students' activities in practical classes. Results. This article evaluates the implementation of the principles of distance learning in the process of teaching and learning at the University in terms of quality. The experiment involved 1,250 students studying at the South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky. The survey helped to identify the main barriers to the effective implementation of modern distance learning technologies in the educational process of the University: the lack of readiness of teachers and parents, the lack of necessary skills in applying computer systems of online learning, the inability to interact with the teaching staff and teachers, the lack of a sufficient number of academic consultants online. In addition, internal problems are investigated: limited resources, unevenly distributed marketing advantages, inappropriate administrative structure, and lack of innovative physical capabilities. The article allows us to solve these problems by gradually implementing a distance learning model that is suitable for any university, regardless of its specialization. The Moodle-based e-learning system proposed in this paper was designed to eliminate the identified barriers. Models for implementing distance learning in the learning process were built according to the CAPDM methodology, which helps universities and other educational service providers develop and manage world-class online distance learning programs. Prospects for further research focus on evaluating students' knowledge and abilities over the next six months after the introduction of the proposed Moodle-based program.

지역고유 지진응답 특성 정량화를 통한 국내 부지 분류 기준의 추가 반영 제안 (Suggestion of Additional Criteria for Site Categorization in Korea by Quantifying Regional Specific Characteristics on Seismic Response)

  • 선창국
    • 지구물리와물리탐사
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.203-218
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    • 2010
  • 지진 지반운동의 증폭 유발 요인인 부지 효과는 지역적 및 국부적 부지 조건에 직접적인 영향을 받게 됨에도 불구하고, 현행 국내 내진 설계 기준의 부지 분류와 그에 따른 부지 증폭계수는 미국 서부 지역의 기준을 준용한다. 이러한 내진 기준의 경우, 단주기와 중장주기에 관한 두 종류의 부지 증폭계수들을 30 m 심도까지의 평균 전단파속도라는 기준에 따라 A 부터 E까지의 다섯 종류로 분류한다. 본 연구에서는 국내 부지 조건을 반영한 부지 분류 체계를 제시할 목적으로, 경주, 홍성, 해미, 사천의 네 지역에 대해 체계적인 부지 특성 평가를 수행하였으며, 현장에서는 지표면부터 기반암까지의 전단파속도 깊이분포를 결정하고 실내에서는 지반의 비선형적 물성을 획득하였다. 국내 토사층은 미국 서부에 비해 상대적으로 얕고 강성이 크게 파악되었고, 그로 인해 국내의 부지 주기는 상대적으로 작고 좁은 범위에 분포하였다. 현장과 실내에서 구한 지반 특성을 이용하여 등가선형 및 비선형 기법을 적용한 다양한 부지고유 지진응답 해석을 총 75부지를 대상으로 실시하였다. 해석 결과로부터 현행 국내 기준에 정의된 부지 증폭계수는 지반운동을 단주기에서는 과소 평가하고 중장주기에서는 과대평가함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 차이는 국내와 미국 서부간의 기반암 심도를 포함한 국부적 지반 특성들의 차이로 인한 것이다. 본 연구의 해석 결과와 한반도 대상의 선행 연구 결과들을 토대로 대표 기준인 부지 주기와 추가 기준으로서의 30 m 보다 얕은 심도까지의 평균 전단파속도를 도입함으로써, 국내 지역적 부지 특성을 고려한 지반운동과 설계 스펙트럼을 신뢰성 높게 결정할 수 있는 새로운 부지 분류 체계를 개발하였다.

공동주택 조경관리 입찰 실태와 개선방안 (Improvement Strategy & Current Bidding Situation on Apartment Management of Landscape Architecture)

  • 홍종현;박현빈;윤종면;김동필
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제48권4호
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    • pp.41-54
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구는 공동주택의 조경업과 관련한 공사·용역에 대한 입찰실태 분석을 통해 문제점을 파악하고, 개선 방안을 제시하여 투명하고 공정한 입찰시스템 운영을 위한 기초자료로 제공되고자 하였다. 이를 위해 공동 주택 유지관리 이력, 입찰 정보, 전자입찰제 등을 제공하는 '공동주택관리정보시스템(K-apt)'의 자료를 활용하여 조경 분야 공사·용역에 대한 낙찰현황, 낙찰금액, 연중 낙찰 규모와 동향, 공종별 사업자 선정결과 등을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 한 해 낙찰된 총 건수(36,831건) 중 조경업에 해당하는 건은 4.4%(1,631건)를 차지하고 있으며, 평균 낙찰금액은 약 2,400만 원으로 조사되었다. 건별 낙찰금액 현황으로 조경업 관련 건 중 73%가 3백만 원에서 3천만 원 사이에서 낙찰되었으며, 공종별로는 병충해방제와 유지관리에 해당하는 건이 58.6%를 차지하였다. 월별 낙찰현황으로는 2~4월에 전체 건수의 36%가 집중되었으며, 입찰방법에서는 '일반경쟁입찰'이 59.8%를 차지하였다. 낙찰자 선정방법과 투찰방법에서는 55%가 '최저낙찰제'와 '전자입찰방식'을, 45%가 '적격심사제'와 '직접입찰방식'을 채택한 것으로 나타났다. 입찰 현황에서 도출된 문제점에 대한 개선사항으로 첫째, 현행 '전자입찰방식' 적용 규정에 관한 예외 조항을 최소화하여 전자입찰방식 전면 적용하여 공정한 입찰제도가 운용되도록 한다. 둘째, 공동주택의 녹지환경 품질에 대한 조경 관리 기준을 마련한다. 셋째, 입찰 공고 전 내역서 및 도면 등의 설계 도서를 작성하고, 기초금액을 산출하도록 하는 근거 규정을 마련하여, 사업의 내용을 구체적이고 객관적으로 특정함으로써 공정한 입찰이 가능하도록 한다. 넷째, '사업자 선정지침'의 각종 입찰조건에 대해 선택이 아닌 조건별 세부지침을 마련하여 공정성과 일관성을 확보한다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 공동주택의 조경업 사업자 선정과 조경시설 및 녹지환경 유지관리에 있어 객관적이고 합리적인 기준 마련에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.