• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.165-180
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• 1999

The cost effectiveness of using steel roof systems for residential buildings is becoming increasingly apparent with the decrease in manufacturing cost of steel components, reliability and efficiency in construction practices, and the economic and environmental concerns. While steel has been one of the primary materials for structural systems, it is only recently that its use for residential buildings is being explored. A comprehensive system for the design of residential steel roof truss systems is presented. In the first stage of the research the design curves obtained from the AISI-LRFD code for the manufactured cross-sections were verified experimentally. Components of the truss systems were tested in order to determine their member properties when subjected to axial force and bending moments. In addition, the experiments were simulated using finite element analysis to provide an additional source of verification. The second stage of the research involved the development of an integrated design approach that would automatically design a lowest cost roof truss given minimal input. A modified genetic algorithm was used to handle sizing, shape and topology variables in the design problem. The developed methodology was implemented in a software system for the purpose of designing the lowest cost truss that would meet the AISI code provisions and construction requirements given the input parameters. The third stage of the research involved full-scale testing of a typical residential steel roof designed using the developed software system. The full scale testing established the factor of safety while validating the analysis and design procedures. Evaluation of the test results indicates that designs using the present approach provide a structure with enough reserve strength to perform as predicted and are very economical.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2018

Strength design wind loads for the wind resistance design of structures shall be evaluated by the product of wind loads calculated based on the basic wind speed with 100 years return period and the wind load factor 1.3 specified in the provisions of load combinations in Korean Building Code (KBC) 2016. It may be sure that the wind load factor 1.3 in KBC(2016) had not been determined by probabilistic method or empirical method using meteorological wind speed data in Korea. In this paper, wind load factors were evaluated by probabilistic method and empirical method. The annual maximum 10 minutes mean wind speed data at 69 meteorological stations during past 40 years from 1973 to 2012 were selected for this evaluation. From the comparison of the results of those two method, it can be found that the mean values of wind load factors calculated both probability based method and empirical based method were similar at all meteorological stations. When target level of reliability index is set up 2.5, the mean value of wind load factors for all regions should be presented about 1.35. When target level of reliability index is set up 3.0, wind load factor should be presented about 1.46. By using the relationship between importance factor(conversion factor for return period) and wind load factor, the return periods for strength design were estimated and expected wind speeds of all regions accounting for strength design were proposed. It can be found that return period to estimate wind loads for strength design should be 500 years and 800 years in according to target level of reliability index 2.5 and 3.0, respectively. The 500 years basic wind speed map for strength design was suggested and it can be used with a wind load factor 1.0.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2013

이 연구의 목적은 국내생산이 가능한 자철석을 이용한 중량 콘크리트의 유동성 및 역학적 특성을 평가하고 설계기준의 안전성을 확인하는 것이다. 주요변수로는 물-시멘트 비와 보통중량 굵은골재(화강석)의 치환율이다. 배합된 콘크리트 기건 단위용적질량은 $2446{\sim}3426kg/m^3$ 범위에 있었다. 측정된 역학적 특성들은 압축강도, 응력-변형률관계, 탄성계수, 쪼갬인장강도, 파괴계수 그리고 철근과의 부착응력-미끄러짐 관계 등이다. 실험 결과, 자철석 중량 콘크리트의 초기 슬럼프는 보통중량 굵은골재 치환율이 증가할수록 향상하였다. 압축강도, 인장저항성 등의 역학적 특성은 굵은골재 치환율에 따른 영향이 미미하였으나, 응력-변형률 관계와 탄성계수는 콘크리트 단위용적질량에 중요한 영향을 받았다. ACI 349-06 및 CEB-FIP 제안모델들은 일반적으로 자철석 중량 콘크리트의 역학적 특성들에 대해 안전측에 있지만, 탄성계수 및 쪼갬인장강도에 대해서는 콘크리트 단위용적질량을 고려하여 보완될 필요가 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2021

철근콘크리트 휨부재 단면은 휨강도를 확보함과 동시에 연성을 확보할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다. 설계기준에서는 연성거동을 확보하기 위해 철근비나 중립축 깊이를 제한한다. 균형철근비 보다 적은 철근량이 배치된 단면은 연성이 확보되므로 균형철근비는 이론적인 최대철근비가 된다. 그러나 너무 적은 양의 철근량이 배치된 단면은 연성 거동과 관계 없이 균열 휨모멘트를 만족하지 못하고 취성 파괴될 수 있다. 또한, 최근 들어 고강도 재료의 사용이 증가함에 따라 최소철근비로 설계된 부재의 설계도 증가하고 있다. 이에 설계기준에서는 최소철근량에 대해서도 규정하고 있다. 콘크리트구조기준(2012)에서는 최소철근량에 대하여 철근과 콘크리트 강도의 항으로 직접적으로 규정하였다. 그러나 개정된 콘크리트구조 학회기준(2017)에서는 설계 휨강도와 균열 모멘트 사이의 관계를 통해 최소철근량을 간접적으로 제시하고 있다. 이는 피복두께에 대한 영향을 반영할 수 있지만, 재료 모델에 대한 정의가 필요하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 콘크리트구조기준(2012)과 콘크리트구조 학회기준(2017)의 최소철근량에 대한 규정을 비교 검토하고, 다양한 해석 변수를 통해 최소철근량의 변화를 검토하여 합리적인 최소철근량 검토 방안에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2009

도로교설계기준은 일반교량에 대한 내진설계방법으로 응답수정계수를 사용하는 스펙트럼해석법을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 중진지역이라는 한반도의 상황과 국내의 교량설계 및 시공환경에 대한 적용성은 아직 검증되지 않은 실정이다. 그러므로 도로교설계기준의 스펙트럼해석법을 적용하여 내진설계의 기본개념으로 제시되는 붕괴방지수준이 만족되는가에 대한 검토가 요구된다. 이 연구에서는 T형 및 ${\prod}$형 교각을 하부구조로 하는 두 개의 일반교량을 해석대상교량으로 선정하고, 중진지역의 설계조건과 스펙트럼해석법을 적용하여 내진설계를 수행하였다. 이 과정에서 응답수정계수의 역할과 붕괴방지수준의 만족여부를 검토하고, 그 결과를 토대로 설계기준에 보완해야 하는 사항을 제시하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.56-63
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• 1991

본 연구는 가설부재의 신뢰성 설계규준을 고찰하고, Ellingwood가 제안한 신뢰성 해석과 신뢰성 설계규준 산정 알고리즘으로 부터 실용적인 알고리즘을 유도하였다. 하중의 불확실량은 우리의 실정을 고려한 적절한 값을 택하여 신뢰성 해석 및 신뢰성 설계규준을 산정했다. 현행 WSD와 USD 설계법의 신뢰성 수준을 분석함으로써, 우리 실정에 적당한 목표신뢰성지수 $\beta$$_{o}$ =3.5를 택하여 LRFD설계규준에 의한 하중-저항계수를 제안했으며, 신뢰성 설계와 비슷한 신뢰성을 갖는 WSD의 강재의 허용응력을 산정제안했다. 본 연구에서 제안한 신뢰성 설계규준 및 허용응력은 일정한 신뢰성을 주는 보다 합리적인 설계가 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.530-539
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• 2002

전단벽의 연성도 확보를 위한 단부횡보강 설계에 있어서, 현재 설계기준들은 경험적이며 강제적이다. 즉, 현재 설계기준은 연성도 요구량에 관계없이 단부횡보강영역과 상세를 정해 놓고 있으며, 따라서 성능기초설계에 부적합하다. 본 연구의 목적은 성능기초설계에 적합한 전단벽의 연성도 설계방법을 개발하는 것이다. 단부횡보강영역에 따른 전단벽의 연성도변화를 조사하기 위하여 실험연구를 수행하였으며 압축대를 모델링하기 위하여 각기 다른 횡보강영역을 갖는 시험체에 편심축하중을 가력하였다. 실험연구를 통하여 횡보강된 벽체 압축대의 강도, 연성도, 파괴모드 등을 연구하였으며, 벽체 단면 전체에서 단부 횡보강으로 인하여 발생하는 연성도 및 파괴시점을 조사하기 위하여 비선형 수치해석을 수행하였다. 실험과 해석연구 결과를 기반으로 하여 전단벽의 연성도 설계방법을 개발하였다. 제안된 설계방법을 이용하여, 주어진 연성도 요구량에 맞게 단부횡보강영역과 횡보강량을 정확히 결정할 수 있으며, 따라서 벽체의 연성거동을 보장하는 동시에 경제적인 벽체설계가 가능하게 되었다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.257-268
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• 2016

In the companion papers (I, II), site-specific response analyses were performed at more than 300 domestic sites and a new site classification system and design response spectra (DRS) were proposed using the results of the site-specific response analyses. In this paper, the proposed site classification system and the design response spectra are compared with those in other seismic codes and verified by different methods. Firstly, the design response spectra are compared with the design response spectra in Eurocode 8, KBC 2016 and MOCT 1997 to estimate quantitative differences and general trends. Secondly, site-specific response analyses are carried out using $V_S$-profiles obtained using field seismic tests and the results are compared with the proposed DRS in order to reduce the uncertainty in using the SPT-N value in site-specific response analyses in the companion paper (I). In addition, site coefficients from real earthquake records measured in Korean peninsula are used to compare with the proposed site coefficients. Finally, dynamic centrifuge tests are also performed to simulate the representative Korean site conditions, such as shallow depth to bedrock and short-period amplification characteristics. The overall results showed that the proposed site classification system and design response spectra reasonably represented the site amplification characteristic of shallow bedrock condition in Korea.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.1215-1240
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• 2015

In this paper, the Theory of Plastic Mechanism Control (TPMC) is applied to the seismic design of dual systems composed by moment-resisting frames and Chevron braced frames. The application of TPMC is aimed at the design of dual systems able to guarantee, under seismic horizontal forces, the development of a collapse mechanism of global type. This design goal is of primary importance in seismic design of structures, because partial failure modes and soft-storey mechanisms have to be absolutely prevented due to the worsening of the energy dissipation capacity of structures and the resulting increase of the probability of failure during severe ground motions. With reference to the examined structural typology, diagonal and beam sections are assumed to be known quantities, because they are, respectively, designed to withstand the whole seismic actions and to withstand vertical loads and the net downward force resulting from the unbalanced axial forces acting in the diagonals. Conversely column sections are designed to assure the yielding of all the beam ends of moment-frames and the yielding and the buckling of tensile and compressed diagonals of the V-Braced part, respectively. In this work, a detailed designed example dealing with the application of TPMC to moment frame-chevron brace dual systems is provided with reference to an eight storey scheme and the design procedure is validated by means of non-linear static analyses aimed to check the actual pattern of yielding. The results of push-over analyses are compared with those obtained for the dual system designed according to Eurocode 8 provisions.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Reinforced concrete (RC) moment frames are used as lateral seismic load resisting systems in mid- and high-rise buildings in different regions of the world. Based on the seismic design provisions and construction details presented in design codes, RC frames with different levels of ductility (ordinary, intermediate, and special) can be designed and constructed. In Iran, there are RC buildings with various uses which have been constructed based on different editions of design codes. The seismic performance of RC structures (particularly moment frames) in real seismic events is of great importance. In this paper, the observations made on damaged RC moment frames after the destructive Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.3 are reported. Different levels of damage from the development of cracks in the structural and non-structural elements to the total collapse of buildings were observed. Furthermore, undesirable failure modes which are not expected in ductile seismic-resistant buildings were frequently observed in the damaged buildings. The RC moment frames built based on the previous editions of the design codes showed partial or total collapse in this seismic event. The extensive destruction of RC moment frames compared with the other structural systems (such as braced steel frames and confined masonry buildings) was attributed not only to the deficiencies in the construction practice of these buildings but also to the design procedure. In addition, the failure and collapse of masonry infills in RC moment frames were frequent modes of failure in this seismic event. In this paper, the main reasons related to design practice which led to extensive damage in the RC moment frames and their collapse are addressed.