• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.5 no.2_3
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• pp.141-158
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• 2005

The new version of Code for Design of Steel Structures (GB50017-2003) and other design standards in China were released over the last two years. Comparing with the previous version (GBJ17-88), many clauses covering the connection design have been revised. A number of additional provisions are supplemented to specify the design requirements for beam-column moment connections, as well as gusset plates for truss joints. In this paper, a summary on the design rules on connections specified in the current Chinese code is presented, and relevant commentary and background information is provided whenever appropriate. The design criteria governing weld and bolt resistance is examined and reviewed. Moreover, several issues such as detailing requirements for stiffeners and end-plate connections are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2007

Bridge decks are one of the main structural components that are most suitable for utilizing the advantages of FRP materials due to the high strength weight ratio of FRP materials. Design codes for the design of FRP bridge decks should be established to apply FRP materials for bridge decks effectively. At present, design codes are relatively well established for the use of FRP materials as reinforcements in concrete structures. However, design codes have not yet been provided for the structures made of FRP as a main construction material. In this study, for the purpose of preparing design code provisions, reliability analyses were performed to evaluate target level of safety and serviceability on GFRP decks. Based on the results, several guidelines for the development of design codes are suggested.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.301-306
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• 2007

Design of civil infrastructures is generally based on 2-D drawings and analyses. Design provisions also specify the limit states using member based equations. Most construction projects are done through collaboration of engineers who have different specialized knowledge. Information technologies can dramatically enhance the performance of the collaboration. For the information transfer, we need a mediator between engineers. Object based 3-D models are useful for the communication and for the owners who have to maintain whole the information of infrastructures. In this paper, basic guidelines for the 3-D design according to design phases. Adequate interoperability of 3-D objects from any CAD system is essential for the collaboration. Owners, contractors and design consultants were considered as users of 3-D objects. Cost and performance of each design phases was investigated through the existing data.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.513-530
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• 2013

In this paper, an improved version of particle swarm optimization based optimum design algorithm (IPSO) is presented for the steel grillage systems. The optimum design problem is formulated considering the provisions of American Institute of Steel Construction concerning Load and Resistance Factor Design. The optimum design algorithm selects the appropriate W-sections for the beams of the grillage system such that the design constraints are satisfied and the grillage weight is the minimum. When an improved version of the technique is extended to be implemented, the related results and convergence performance prove to be better than the simple particle swarm optimization algorithm and some other metaheuristic optimization techniques. The efficiency of different inertia weight parameters of the proposed algorithm is also numerically investigated considering a number of numerical grillage system examples.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.102-107
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• 1991

This study a reliability based design criteria for the Pile foundation, Which is common type of bridge founfation, and also proposes the theoretical bases limit state equations of stalbility analvsis of Pile foundation and the uncertainty measuring algorithms of each equation are also derived by MFOSM using the pile reations of displacement method, Terzaghi's bearing capacity formula, and chang's lateral load formula. The Level of uncertainties comesponding to these algorithms are proposed approprite values considering our actuality. It may be asserted that the proposed LRFD reliability based design criteria for the pile foundation may have to be incorporated in to the current Highway Bridge Design codes as a design provision corresponding to the USD(or LFD) provisions of the current Highway Bridge Design Code.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.139-144
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• 1999

Based on the recent developments of the reliability-based structural analysis and design as well as the extending knowledge on the probabiliistic characteristics of load and resistances, the probability based design criteria have been successfully developed for many standards. Since the probabilistic characteristics depend highly on the local load and resistances, it is recognized to develop the design criterion compatible with domestic requirements. The existing optimum design methods, which are generally based on the structural theory and certain engineering experience, do not realistically consider the uncertainties of load and resistances and the basic reliability concepts. This study is directed to propose a optimum design based Expected Total Cost Minimization on P.S.C Box Girder Bridge system which could possibly replace optimum design based traditional provisions of the current code, based on the Neldel-Mead Method reliability theory.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2017

This paper presents a generalized formulation for optimizing the design of concrete beam reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer bar. The optimization method is formulated to find the design variables leading to the minimum weight of concrete beam with constraints imposed based on ACI code provisions. A simple genetic algorithm is utilized to solve the optimization task. The weights of concrete and glass fiber reinforced polymer bar are included in the formulation of the objective function. The ultimate limit states and the serviceability limit states are included in formulation of constraints. The results of illustrated example demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method to reduce the weight of beam as well as to satisfy the above requirement. The application of the optimization based on the most economical design concept have led to significant savings in the amount of the component materials to be used in comparison to classical design solutions.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.305-377
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• 2015

The problem of earthquake induced torsion in buildings is quite old and although it has received a lot of attention in the past several decades, it is still open. This is evident not only from the variability of the pertinent provisions in various modern codes but also from conflicting results debated in the literature. Most of the conducted research on this problem has been based on very simplified, highly idealized models of eccentric one-story systems, with single or double eccentricity and with load bearing elements of the shear beam type, sized only for earthquake action. Initially, elastic models were used but were gradually replaced by inelastic models, since building response under design level earthquakes is expected to be inelastic. Code provisions till today have been based mostly on results from one-story inelastic models or on results from elastic multistory idealizations. In the past decade, however, more accurate multi story inelastic building response has been studied using the well-known and far more accurate plastic hinge model for flexural members. On the basis of such research some interesting conclusions have been drawn, revising older views about the inelastic response of buildings based on one-story simplified model results. The present paper traces these developments and presents new findings that can explain long lasting controversies in this area and at the same time may raise questions about the adequacy of code provisions based on results from questionable models. To organize this review better it was necessary to group the various publications into a number of subtopics and within each subtopic to separate them into smaller groups according to the basic assumptions and/or limitations used. Capacity assessment of irregular buildings and new technologies to control torsional motion have also been included.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2004

The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was ratified in 1991. With the aim to ensure comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment, it contains provisions on environmental protection and conservation of the Antarctic area, including provisions for Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment is a method used to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, and find ways to mitigate or prevent adverse impacts in order to maintain balance between development activities and environmental conservation. Internationally, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the Antarctic is classified into three types - preliminary, Initial, and Comprehensive - based on the environmental impacts of the proposed activities. In case of the Preliminary Environmental Review (PER), proposed activity may proceed in accordance to the national procedures and drafting of an outline. However, Initial (IEE) and Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation (CEE) assess and verify the impacts of the proposed activity, and require methods or alternatives for mitigating or eliminating negative impacts on the environment. Although Korea's Act of 'Activities and Environmental Protection in Antarctica' also includes provisions on EIA for activities in Antarctica, there are obvious contrasts with the EIAs currently being conducted in Korea, in regards to deciding the level of EIA through screening and identifying key issues for assessment through scoping. In order to implement the proper EIA, more improved methods for drafting and reviewing the EIA to Antarctica in Korea are necessary.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2023

Purpose - Internet-based e-commerce is rapidly developing and applied, and e-commerce through Internet technology overcomes the time and space constraints of existing business exchanges and facilitates multinational transactions.At the same time, disputes over e-commerce are increasing.In order to solve these disputes, clear laws should be regulated and regulated. Design/methodology/approach - This paper first studies the development and trend of E-commerce, then studies the legal provisions of CISG, and then combines them to analyze and draw a conclusion. Findings - Since its enactment in 1980, the CISG has been one of the most influential international commercial laws to date, with 95 States parties. It is a very important international agreement and norm that helps maintain and facilitate the settlement of international trade disputes and coordination of international merchandise sales activities. However, CISG, which is most widely used in traditional trade, faces many challenges due to the nature of E-commerce, but after studying the development and trend of E-commerce and the legal provisions of E-commerce, we conclude that CISG can be applied to E-commerce. Research implications or Originality - All the international conventions are the fruit of the efforts of the people, CISG, as one of the most important unitary laws of international trade, can be said to be representative.The analysis of CISG's legal provisions should be combined with the current international e-commerce trade form, so that CISG can be reasonably applied to modern trade disputes.