• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2021

For the fatigue design of offshore structures, it is essential to understand and use the S-N curves specified in various industry standards and codes. This study compared the characteristics of the S-N curves for five major codes. The codes reviewed in this paper were DNV Classification Rules (DNV GL, 2016), ABS Classification Rules (ABS, 2003), British Standards (BSI, 2015), International Welding Association Standards (IIW, 2008), and European Standards (BSI, 2005). Types of stress, such as nominal stress, hot-spot stress, and effective notch stress, were analyzed according to the code. The basic shape of the S-N curve for each code was analyzed. A review of the survival probability of the basic design S-N curve for each code was performed. Finally, the impact on the conservatism of the design was analyzed by comparing the S-N curves of three grades D, E, and F by the five codes. The results presented in this paper are considered to be a good guideline for the fatigue design of offshore structures because the S-N curves of the five most-used codes were analyzed in depth.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-109
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• 1998

An evaluation and comparison of seven of the world's major building codes and standards is conducted in this study, with specific discussion of their estimations of the alongwind, acrosswind, and torsional response, where applicable, for a given building. The codes and standards highlighted by this study are those of the United States, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, China and Europe. In addition, the responses predicted by using the measured power spectra of the alongwind, acrosswind and torsional responses for several building shapes tested in a wind tunnel are presented and a comparison between the response predicted by wind tunnel data and that estimated by some of the standards is conducted. This study serves not only as a comparison of the response estimates by international codes and standards, but also introduces a new set of wind tunnel data for validation of wind tunnel-based empirical expressions.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.5 no.2_3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2005

Current codes of practice do not exist in isolation, and rules that have been developed assume certain material properties and minimum workmanship in fabrication and erection. These are either in separate documents or different parts of the code. This paper explains the main requirements for materials and workmanship and how they can be related to design and construction in general. The use of very high strength steels is also considered and the measures that may be needed to allow their use with modern codes are also presented.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.409-416
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• 2005

This paper presents the possible effects and restrictions that may arise in the field of industrial construction due to compliance with relevant construction codes and regulations, as well as the ways they can be favorably handled in the design of industrial buildings. Designs should be based primarily on human design factors, while considering the human as the centre of the work environment. Design parameters should be described as a function of both the physical and psychosocial attributes of a person as well as the technical and economical aspects on the design of industrial construction. This paper is an examination of the connection that exists between design law (codes and regulations) and industrial construction. The relevant construction laws and regulations are described, including standards and codes of practice that designing and supervising engineers are obliged to observe. Possible solutions and consequences of development in the production, constructional, and ergonomic field of design are also discussed.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.133-151
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• 2023

This paper first provides a wide overview about the design codes and standards covering the use of Computational Wind Engineering / Computational Fluid Dynamics (CWE/CFD) for wind-sensitive structures and built environment. Second, the paper sets out the basic assumptions and underlying concepts of the new Annex T "Simulations by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD/CWE)" of the revised version "Guide for the assessment of wind actions and effects on structures" issued by the Advisory Committee on Technical Recommendations for Constructions of the Italian National Research Council in February 2019 and drafted by the members of the Special Interest Group on Computational Wind Engineering of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering (ANIV-CWE). The same group is currently advising UNI CT021/SC1 in supporting the drafting of the new Annex K - "Derivation of design parameters from wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations" of the revised Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions. Finally, the paper outlines the subjects most open to development at the technical and applicative level.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-160
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• 2016

Hurricanes are among the most costly natural hazards to impact buildings in coastal regions. Building roofs are designed using the wind load provisions of building codes and standards and, in the case of large buildings, wind tunnel tests. Wind permeable roof claddings like roof pavers are not well dealt with in many existing building codes and standards. The objective of this paper is to develop simple guidance in code format for design of loose-laid roof pavers. Large-scale experiments were performed to investigate the wind loading on concrete roof pavers on the flat roof of a low-rise building in Wall of Wind, a large-scale hurricane testing facility at Florida International University. They included wind blow-off tests and pressure measurements on the top and bottom surfaces of pavers. Based on the experimental results simplified guidelines are developed for design of loose-laid roof pavers against wind uplift. The guidelines are formatted so that use can be made of the existing information in codes and standards such as American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) 7-10 standard's pressure coefficients for components and cladding. The effects of the pavers' edge-gap to spacer height ratio and parapet height to building height ratio are included in the guidelines as adjustment factors.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2013

This study presents the development of an advanced multiple database-enabled design module for high-rise buildings (DEDM-HR), which seamlessly pools databases of multiple high frequency base balance measurements from geographically dispersed locations and merges them together to expand the number of available building configurations for the preliminary design. This feature offers a new direction for the research and professional communities that can be utilized to efficiently pool multiple databases therefore expanding the capability of an individual database and improving the reliability of design estimates. This is demonstrated, in this study, by the unprecedented fusion of two major established databases, which facilitates interoperability. The DEDM-HR employs a cyberbased on-line framework designed with user-friendly/intuitive web interfaces for the convenient estimation of wind-induced responses in the alongwind, acrosswind and torsional directions with minimal user input. In addition, the DEDM-HR embeds a novel feature that allows the use of wind characteristics defined in a code/standard to be used in conjunction with the database. This supplements the provisions of a specific code/standard as in many cases guidance on the acrosswind and torsional response estimates is lacking. Through an example, results from several international codes and standards and the DEDM-HR with the embedded features are compared. This provision enhances the scope of the DEDM-HR in providing an alternative design tool with nested general provisions of various international codes and standards.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.429-436
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• 2005

This paper reflects on the ergonomical criteria for a humane working atmosphere in industrial buildings while respecting and paying close attention to the physical, mental, and stressful demands of the work environment. It describes effective construction codes and standards of practice and their importance in ensuring a safe environment for working people. Also addressed are the objectives for a productive work environment and its organization. The paper considers the significance of a proper working environment, the use of dangerous working materials, the use of proper ventilation, climate, and lighting to ensure that the productivity of the enterprise is met with common goals shared between employer and employee. The connection between the legal foundation and the design of industrial construction is the focus of this paper. It shows that the planning and executive persons are obliged to observe the relevant construction laws and regulations including standards and codes of practice. Additionally discussed are the possible solutions and consequences for development in the productional, constructional, and ergonomical fields of design.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2017

One of the major developments in seismic design over the past few decades is the increased emphasis for limit states design now generally termed as Performance Based Engineering. Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) uses Displacement Based Design (DBD) methodology wherein structures are designed for a target level of displacement rather than Force Based Design (FBD) methodology where force or strength aspect is being used. Indian codes still follow FBD methodology compared to other modern codes like CalTrans, which follow DBD methodology. Hence in the present study, a detailed review of the two most common design methodologies i.e., FBD and DBD is presented. A critical evaluation of both these methodologies by comparing the seismic performance of bridge models designed using them highlight the importance of adopting DBD techniques in Indian Standards also. The inherent discrepancy associated with FBD in achieving 'seismic regularity' is highlighted by assessing the seismic performance of bridges with varied relative height ratios. The study also encompasses a brief comparison of the seismic design and detailing provisions of IRC 112 (2011), IRC 21 (2000), AASHTO LRFD (2012) and CalTrans (2013) to evaluate the discrepancies on the same in the Indian Standards. Based on the seismic performance evaluation and literature review a need for increasing the minimum longitudinal reinforcement percentage stipulated by IRC 112 (2011) for bridge columns is found necessary.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.80 no.6
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• pp.677-688
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• 2021

The building design codes and standards in many countries usually are either fully or partially adopted from the international codes. However, regional conditions like the quality of construction industry and different statistical parameters of load and resistance have essential roles in the code calibration of building design codes. This paper presents a probabilistic approach to assess the reliability level of adopted national building codes by simulating design situations and considering all load combinations. The impact of the uncertainty of wind and earthquake loads, which are entirely regional condition dependent and have a high degree of uncertainty, are quantified. In this study, the design situation is modeled by generating thousands of numbers for load effect ratios, and the reliability level of steel elements for all load combinations and different load ratios is established and compared to the target reliability. This approach is applied to the Iranian structural steel code as a case study. The results indicate that the Iranian structural steel code lacks safety in some load combinations, such as gravity and earthquake load combinations, and is conservative for other load combinations. The present procedure can be applied to the assessment of the reliability level of other national codes.