• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 2024

In most countries, instrument flight procedures are designed by applying one of the following standards: the International Aviation Organization's DOC 8168, Air Navigation Services and Operation Procedures (PANS-OPS), or the US Federal Aviation Administration's TERPS, Terminal Procedures. In particular, the circling approach procedure has many differences between the two standards, and the US terminal procedure (TERPS) has become more complicated since 2013 by applying expanded standards depending on altitude. The circling approach procedures are more risky than straight-in approach procedures because it involves maneuvering the aircraft close to the ground at low energy for landing. In order to accurately understand these differences, this study provides to distinguish by what criteria the circling approach procedure is designed according to individual domestic airports in Korea, to calculate the radius for the range of circling approach areas that guarantee minimum obstacle avoidance during circling approach maneuvers, and to present methods for performing safe circling approach procedures.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2022

Background/Aims: The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of computed tomography colonography (CTC) in screening for colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: A total of 612 females and 588 males aged 45 to 75 years were enrolled in CTC screening. CTC was performed following standard bowel preparation and colonic insufflation with carbon dioxide. The main outcomes were the detection rate of CRC and advanced adenoma (AA), prevalence of colorectal lesions in relation to socio-demographic and health factors, and overall diagnostic performance of CTC. Results: Overall, 56.5% of the 1,200 invited subjects underwent CTC screening. The sensitivity for CRC and AA was 0.89 and 0.97, respectively, while the specificity was 0.71 and 0.99, respectively. The prevalence of CRC and AA was 3.0% (18/593) and 7.1% (42/593), respectively, with the highest CRC prevalence in the 66-75 age group (≥12 times; odds ratio [OR], 12.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.45-32.92). CRC and AA prevalence were inversely correlated with Asian descent, physical activity, and negative fecal immunochemical test results (OR=0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.83; OR=0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.68; OR=0.5; 95% CI, 0.07-3.85, respectively). Conclusions: Our study revealed high accuracy of CTC in diagnosing colonic neoplasms, good compliance with CTC screening, and high detection rate of CRC.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.589-594
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• 2024

In this paper, we introduce the results of the Sounding Rocket LTE communication test using the LTE-Cat.M1 module. The developed LTE data transmission/reception system consists of Mission-Mounted Equipment(Payload) and Ground Observation Equipment(GOE), and the delay rate was secured based on the time between data measured when received from the GOE by constantly transmitting data from the Payload at a speed of 10 Hz. In order to increase the accuracy of the actual flight test, ground network delay rate tests, hardware internal delay rate tests, and ground tests were performed. As a result of the flight test, it was confirmed that the handover failed in the upward phase and the communication was lost for 13 seconds, and then the parachute was deployed and the communication was reconnected in a situation with a constant positional displacement. LTE-Cat.M1 technology is expected to be utilized for descent phase observation missions or data backup during Sounding Rocket missions.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.35
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• pp.181-216
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• 2020

The incarnation of Jesus and Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being are important theological theories in their respective religions, Christianity and Daesoon Jinrihoe. Both theories are the doctrinal devices necessary for the religious description of each religion. However, this kind of study is likely to result in a theological study that generates religious apologia or explanations. Therefore, it is impossible and meaningless to define the theory of another religion as meta-discourse in terms of one's own religious viewpoint. From a traditional theological point of view, the incarnation is an exceptionalist case wherein God descended as a human being named Jesus to save humanity from original sin. In the case of Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being, its religious features appear in various forms, so the attempt to unify these two is not an objective method of religious studies. However, this paper aims to find the religious significance of Jesus' incarnation and Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being by understanding them from a third-person terminology or third-person religious viewpoint rather than from a specific theological position. To this end, this paper will use Kim Jong-seo's position that the concept of Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being was borrowed from the concept of the incarnation of Jesus as the premise of the research generated in this paper. Therefore, this paper avoids the quest for "Total Christ" or "Total Jeungsan" that integrates and views the divine and human elements of Jesus and Jeungsan. This is because such a research method becomes a theological study. Instead, it excludes transcendental elements or metaphysical aspects that discuss the divine pre-existences of Jesus and Jeungsan and clarifies the significance of the incarnation and Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being at the physical level in terms which are objective and verifiable. According to this research methodology, this paper develops a discussion after presupposing the hypothetical names of "incarnationist religion" and "divine descent in human avatar religion." However, the two presuppositions mentioned above contain elements of criticism that they are materialistic interpretations that completely eliminate connotations of divinity and religious significance. Nevertheless, it can be said that the two presuppositions have academic significance due to the way in which they avoid the current entanglement of transcendence and instead aim for modernistic relevance.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.46
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• pp.69-122
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• 2023

This study is an integral exploration of Feng Shui associated with the area around the birthplace of Kang Jeungsan, a sacred site of Daesoon Jinrihoe which holds that the Supreme God descended in human form at that location (through Kang Jeungsan). Through an on-site Feng Shui survey, the main focus of the research method was to explore the Feng Shui configurations around Kang Jeungsan's birthplace especially as it pertains to the connections among geomagnetic veins which lead to the Mount Shiru area. As a method of investigation, this study explored the Feng Shui of Gaekmang-ri Village and the geomantic veins leading up to Mount Shiru. This involved examining the landforms, topography, water flow, and geomantic veins of the area to reveal the overall Feng Shui configurations. Throughout the course of that on-site survey, this study first examined Mount Duseung and Mount Bangjang, also known as Mount Yeongju (sometimes collectively known as Mount Samshin), Mount Dongjuk, Mount Mangje-bong, Mount Maebong, and Mount Shiru. Then, this study stated some of the underlying issues through a scholarly approach based on various theories such as traditional geographical texts and theories on mountain-growth and water-flow from the perspective of Feng Shui. In particular, attention was paid to theoretical aspects of the uninterrupted and undulating flow of the terrain leading to Shiru Mountain. As a result, from a Feng Shui point of view, the connected network geomantic veins in the area of Kang Jeungsan's birthplace and the feng shui features and conditions were all examined through an on-site survey. The survey results revealed that the area forms a large Feng Shui site due to the vast interconnectivity among all the mountains that extend from the Honam vein and form organic relationships with one another. This even includes Mount Samshin in Honam. Considering the geographical conditions that formed a site that enabled harmony between divine beings and humankind, the surrounding place names also provide allusions to the understanding of the birth of Kang Jeungsan as the descent of Supreme God into the human world through the historical figure, Kang Jeungsan. This area is an ideal spot with a propitious spatial arrangement in terms of its Feng Shui. Feng Shui analysis reveals the site to be a place that holds an earth energy-hub transmitting a great energy of nature that cannot be measured by human power alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1204-1209
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• 2004

Random amplification of polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis was carried out using DNA samples of 30 animals of Rathi cattle and 42 animals of Tharparkar cattle. Genomic DNA was isolated as per standard protocol and evaluated for its quality, purity and concentration. Twenty three random primers were screened out of which 15 primers yielded satisfactory amplifications and were used for further analysis. Average numbers of polymorphic fragments per primer were 7.07${\pm}$0.86 in Rathi and 6.80${\pm}$0.61 in Tharparkar cattle. The percentage of polymorphic bands in these two cattle breeds were 86 and 87%, respectively. Within breed genetic similarities for pooled over primers in the animals of Rathi and Tharparkar breeds were .577${\pm}$0.30 and 0.531${\pm}$0.02, respectively on the basis of band frequency (BF) and 0.645${\pm}$0.04 and 0.534${\pm}$0.04, respectively on the basis of band sharing (BS). Averages of between breed genetic similarities for pooled over primers were 0.97 and 0.92 according to BF and BS, respectively, which reflect higher degree of genetic similarity between Rathi and Tharparkar cattle breeds. Index of genetic distance based on BF and BS for pooled over primers was 0.030${\pm}$0.011 and 0.088${\pm}$0.031, respectively. Percentage of polymorphic bands and within-breed genetic similarities on the basis of band frequency (BF) and band sharing (BS) for pooled over primers revealed higher genetic similarity in Rathi than Tharparkar cattle population. High estimates of between breed genetic similarities for pooled over primers indicated that either Rathi is having decent from Tharparkar or both the cattle breeds are having common descent. Low value of Index of genetic distances between these two cattle breeds may be due to the fact that Rathi and Tharparkar cattle breeds are the native of Thar Desert in Northwest India. The results of between breed genetic distances also confirm the existence of high degree of genetic similarity between these two breeds of cattle.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.329-340
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• 2009

For complex diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, it is believed that model-free methods might work better because they do not require a precise knowledge of the mode of inheritance controlling the disease trait. This is done by estimating the sharing probabilities that a pair shares zero, one, or two alleles identical by descent(IBD) and has some specific branches of test procedure, i.e., the mean test, the proportion test, and the minmax test. Among them, the minmax test is known to be more robust than others regardless of genetic mode of inheritance in current use. In this study, we compared the power of the methods which are based on minmax test and considering weighting schemes for sib-pairs to analyze sibship data. In simulation result, we found that the method based on Suarez' was more powerful than any others without respect to marker allele frequency, genetic mode of inheritance, sibship size. Also, The power of both Suarez- and Hodge-based methods was higher when marker allele frequency and sibship size were higher, and this result was remarkable in dominant mode of inheritance especially.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.559-567
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• 2012

A level set based topological shape optimization method for nonlinear structure considering hyper-elastic problems is developed. To relieve significant convergence difficulty in topology optimization of nonlinear structure due to inaccurate tangent stiffness which comes from material penalization of whole domain, explicit boundary for exact tangent stiffness is used by taking advantage of level set function for arbitrary boundary shape. For given arbitrary boundary which is represented by level set function, a Delaunay triangulation scheme is used for current structure discretization instead of using implicit fixed grid. The required velocity field in the actual domain to update the level set equation is determined from the descent direction of Lagrangian derived from optimality conditions. The velocity field outside the actual domain is determined through a velocity extension scheme based on the method suggested by Adalsteinsson and Sethian(1999). The topological derivatives are incorporated into the level set based framework to enable to create holes whenever and wherever necessary during the optimization.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.5
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• pp.252-305
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• 1992

The Korean Medicine in the middle period of the Chosun Dynasty, with its clear independence, has made an excellent display of originality and superiority in the world medicine. By pinpointing its merits, classifying its lineal descent, and examining its relation with present Korean Medicine we can draw the following conclusions. First, the study on the history of Korean Medicine should, in terms of time, grasp the generational stream and, in terms of space, examine the relation with medicines of neighbouring countries, with both an inner and outer way of observing. Secondly, it is but a manifestation of the colonial view of history to classify the 460 years from Tae-jo(太祖) to Cheol-jong(哲宗) as Mordern Period of Korean Medicine. Therefore, the 250-year period between the mid-16th century of Myung-jong(明宗) to the late-18th century of later Jeong-jo(正祖), which saw a pivotal development of the national medicine as a practical medicine based on experiences, should be established as the period of Korean Medicine in the mid-Chosun dynasty. It is required from both nationalistic view of history and history as a positive science. Thirdly, Korean Medicine in the mid-Chosun period was developed with an emphasis on an independent development and creative succession of the national medicine, which was succeeded to the late-Chosun period. Fourthly, medical thought in the mid-Chosun period was much influenced by, and based on the practicality of, Shil-hak(or practical science : 實學) as was the current of the times. Fifthly, though medicine in the mid-Chosun period was generally developed, the recipes for the measles, epidemic and smallpox were especially developed owing to rage of epidemics, and the development of the acupunture as a military medicine was the most c lear because of the two major wars against the Japanese and Chinese, respectively in 1592 and 1636. Sixthly, Whang doh-yeon(黃道淵)'s Bangyak-happyeon(方藥合編), Lee je-mah(李濟馬)'s Tongui-susebawon(東醫壽世保元) and Lee kyu-jun(李奎晙)'s Uigam-jungma(醫鑑重磨) are representative medical books, in the late-Chosun period, which creatively succeeded national medicine. Seventhly, the lineage of national medicine flows from Hyangyak-jipseongbang(鄕樂集成方) Uibangryuchui(醫方類聚) Gugeupbang(救急方) to Uirimchualyo(醫林撮要) Tonguibogam(東醫寶鑑) Uimunbogam(醫門寶鑑) Jejung-sinpyeon(濟衆新編) and to Bangyak-happyeon(方藥合編) Tongui-susebawon(東醫壽世保元) Uigam-jungma(醫鑑重磨). These books are representative medical books in the early middle and late Chosun period respectively. On the basis of the above facts, it is clear that the orthodoxy of national medicine is in the direction of a creative succession and that is the best way to keep the spirit of Korean medicine today.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.230-242
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• 2020

We performed a magnetotelluric (MT) survey to delineate the geological structures below the depth of 20 km in the Gyeongju area where an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8 occurred in September 2016. The measured MT data were severely distorted by electrical noise caused by subways, power lines, factories, houses, and farmlands, and by vehicle noise from passing trains and large trucks. Using machine-learning methods, we classified the MT time series data obtained near the railway and highway into two groups according to the inclusion of traffic noise. We applied three schemes, stochastic gradient descent, support vector machine, and random forest, to the time series data for the highspeed train noise. We formulated three datasets, Hx, Hy, and Hx & Hy, for the time series data of the large truck noise and applied the random forest method to each dataset. To evaluate the effect of removing the traffic noise, we compared the time series data, amplitude spectra, and apparent resistivity curves before and after removing the traffic noise from the time series data. We also examined the frequency range affected by traffic noise and whether artifact noise occurred during the traffic noise removal process as a result of the residual difference.