• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2015

This paper deals with performance characteristics and efficiencies of Pelton turbine can be applied as one of ERDs (Energy Recovery Devices) of PRO (Pressure Retarded Osmosis) system for desalination. The objective of this study is experimentally estimating the performance of micro-scale Pelton turbine for PRO pilot plant. Especially the performance characteristics with variations of jet nozzle diameter of Pelton turbine are discussed in detail. In order to do this, lab scale test rig of Pelton turbine was made for performance test, which includes water tank, Pelton wheel with buckets, jet nozzle and torque brake and so on. The parameter effects related on Pelton turbine's efficiency were investigated and discussed on the influence of the variations of load and speed ratio.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.413-420
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• 2019

Pretreatment system of desalination process using seawater reverse osmosis(SWRO) membrane is the most critical step in order to prevent membrane fouling. One of the methods is coagulation-UF membrane process. Coagulation-UF membrane systems have been shown to be very efficient in removing turbidity and non-soluble and colloidal organics contained in the source water for SWRO pretreatment. Ferric salt coagulants are commonly applied in coagulation-UF process for pretreatment of SWRO process. But aluminum salts have not been applied in coagulation-UF pretreatment of SWRO process due to the SWRO membrane fouling by residual aluminum. This study was carried out to see the effect of residual matal salt on SWRO membrane followed by coagulation-UF pretreatment process. Experimental results showed that increased residual aluminum salts by coagulation-UF pretreatment process by using alum lead to the decreased SWRO membrane salt rejection and flux. As the salt rejection and flux of SWRO membrane decreased, the concentration of silica and residual aluminum decreased. However, when adjusting coagulation pH for coagulation-UF pretreatment process, the residual aluminum salt concentration was decreased and SWRO membrane flux was increased.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2015

A small-scale electro-dialysis system was constructed for domestic use. It is composed of six compartments in which five special polystyrene ionic membranes are housed. A series of experiments on the transport of sodium and chloride ions through polystyrene membranes was performed and the effects of electric current and voltage on the pH of water were investigated. This electrodialyser could reduce the NaCl content to an acceptable level (5307 mg/L) when water containing 9945 mg/L of sodium chloride is fed to the electrodialyser. The reduction was by the action of direct current 60 mA/100 mA when a 15 V / 20 V potential is maintained across the membrane. The results showed that the pH of the treated water attained a value in the range of 7-8, with the chloride concentration of 5307 mg/L when the voltage was in the range of 20 volts. This was achieved when two of the small-scale electro-dialysers were placed in series and the solutions from the respective compartments were mixed. This is considered useful because this complies to the requirement of drinking water standard both in terms of chloride and pH. Therefore, this type electrodialyserhas the potential for domestic uses in isolated houses where potable water supply is not available.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.183-195
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• 2014

The efficiency of two metal ions (cadmium, zinc) removal from aqueous solutions by ultrafiltration (UF) and Polymer Enhanced Ultrafiltration (PEUF) processes were investigated in this work. The UF and PEUF studies were carried out using an ultrafiltration tangential cell system equipped with 5.000 MWCO regenerated cellulose. A water-soluble polymer: the polyacrylic acid (PAA) was used as complexant for PEUF experiments. The effects of transmembrane pressure, pH, metal ions and loading ratio on permeate fluxes and metal ions removals were evaluated. In UF process, permeate fluxes increase linearly with increasing pH for different transmembrane pressure, which may be the consequence of the formation of soluble metal hydroxyl complexes in the aqueous phase. In PEUF process, above pH 5.0, the Cd(II) retention reaches a plateau at 90% and Zn(II) at 80% for L = 5. Also, cadmium retention at different L is greater than zinc retention at pH varying from 5.0 to 9.0. In a mixture solution, cadmium retention is higher than zinc for different loading ratio, this is due to interactions between carboxylic groups of PAA and metal ions and more important with cadmium ions.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.437-454
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• 2021

This study investgates Korean water technology through the water market perspective and analyses its competitiveness. Based on the water technology classification, water technology competitiveness is analysed through the technological influence index and market dominance index which are based on the extracted water technology patents from the US, Europe, Korea, and Japan for the last decade. As a result, the Korean water technology patents were lack in influence and competitiveness in global market considering the large volume of patents. There are two most tech-influential industries in Korea; manufacturing industry consisting pipes, sterilization, disinfection, and advanced water purification equipment, and construction industry including seawater desalination and water resource development. Due to the domestic usage of the patents, the Korean water technology patents scored low in global market PFS(Patent Family Size) index compared to their CPP(Cites Per Patent) index. The study is meaningful in a way that the analysis on Korean water technology competitiveness using water technology classification system and patent analysis was conducted based on the perspective of the global water market.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2020년도 학술발표회
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• pp.243-243
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• 2020

본 연구는 장래 유입수질 변화로 해수담수화(Desalination) 역삼투압(Seawater Reverse Osmosis) 공정의 전력비 예측 모델을 개발하고 별도의 해수담수화 추가공정이 필요한지 검토하였다. 플랜트 시설은 한번 설치되면 오랜 기간 운영이 되고, 주요 공정의 시설물 변경이 어려우며, 특히 해수담수화 시설의 경우에는 생활용수 및 공업용수를 수요자에 상시 공급함으로서 중간에 추가 시설물을 증설하거나 변경하기가 쉽지 않다. 따라서 해수담수화 시설의 계획 초기부터 현재의 유입수질 및 장래의 수질 변화를 예측하여 해수담수화 공정을 계획하는 것이 필요하다. 금회 검토는 해수온도 및 염분도 변화를 고려하여 서해에 위치한 대산산업단지 해수담수화 시설의 해수담수화 공정 전력비를 예측하였고, 입력 자료(온도 및 염분도)는 국가해양환경정보통합시스템(MEIS, Marine Environment Information System) 22년 과거자료(1997~2018년)를 이용하였다. 개발된 모형에 적용하여, 해수담수화에 필요한 전력비의 변화를 예측할 수 있으며, 이를 바탕으로 해수담수화 시설물 공정계획을 검토할 수 있었다. 금회 연구에서는 장래 수질변화 예측모형의 결과를 기반으로 해수담수화 시설물 공정을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2009

역삼투 해수담수화(SWRO)공정의 큰 문제점 중 하나인 biofouling 현상을 초기에 감지하기 위한 센서 개발의 선행 연구로써, 본 연구는 역삼투막에 바이오필름을 형성하는 문제성 있는 박테리아를 센서의 타겟 박테리아로 제시하는 것에 중점을 두었다. 문헌조사와 실제 해수담수화 공정에서 사용된 해수 원수와 오염된 역삼투막에 존재하는 박테리아를 계통발생학적으로 분석한 결과를 토대로 Bacillus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Mycobacterium sp., P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, 그리고 Rhodobacter sp.의 여섯종의 모델 박테리아를 선정하였고, 선정된 모델 박테리아 중, 막 오염 잠재력을 가진 종을 찾아내기 위해 각각 박테리아의 역삼투막 부착 능력, 고압내성, 그리고 소수성을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 역삼투막 부착능력은 Rhodobacter sp.와 Mycobacterium sp.가 뛰어났으며 소수성이거나 역삼투막(접촉각 약 $63^{\circ}$)과 비슷한 접촉각을 가진 박테리아가 역삼투막에 잘 부착하였다. 800 psi의 고압을 적용 한 후, Rhodobacter sp.는 여섯 종류의 모델 박테리아 중 59-73%의 가장 큰 개체수의 감소를 보였고, P. fluorescens는 1-29%로 가장 높은 고압내성을 보였다. 부착, 소수성, 고압내성 특성을 통한 역삼투막에 biofouling을 유발하는 영향력 있는 박테리아 선정 실험 결과, 여섯 종류의 모델 박테리아 중 Mycobacterium sp.가 부착 능력이 뛰어나고 높은 소수성 특성을 가지며, 800 psi의 고압에서도 50% 이상의 cell의 생물학적 활성능력을 가지고 있어, 막 오염을 유발시키는 가장 잠재력 있는 박테리아로 분석되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.357-361
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• 2018

Forward osmosis (FO) process has been attracting attention for its potential applications such as industrial wastewater treatment, wastewater reclamation and seawater desalination. Particularly, in terms of fouling reversibility and operating energy consumption, the FO process is assumed to be preferable to the reverse osmosis (RO) process. Despite these advantages, there is a difficulty in the empirical step due to the lack of separation and recovery techniques of the draw solution. Therefore, rather than using FO alone, recent developments of the FO process have adapted a hybrid system without draw solution separation/recovery systems, such as the FO-RO osmotic dilution system. In this study, we investigated the performance of the hollow fiber FO module according to various operating conditions. The change of permeate flow rate according to the flow rates of the draw and feed solutions in the process operation is a factor that increases the permeate flow rate, one of the performance factors in the positive osmosis process. Our results reveal that flow rates of draw and feed solutions affect the membrane performance, such as the water flux and the reverse solute flux. Moreover, use of hydraulic pressure on the feed side was shown to yield slightly higher flux than the case without applied pressure. Thus, optimizing the operating conditions is important in the hollow fiber FO system.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2015

Smart water grid is a water network with communication to save water and energy using various water resources. In smart water grid, water product from the various sources can be blended to be supplied to end-users. The product water blending was reported by literatures while feed water blending has been rarely reported so far. In this work, a commercial reverse osmosis (RO) system design software provided by a membrane manufacturer was used to elucidate the effect of feed water blending on the performance of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant. Fresh water from exisiting water resource was assumed to be blended to seawater to decrease salt concentration of the RO feed water. The feed water blending can simplify the RO system from double to single pass and decrease seawater intake amount, the unit prices of the RO system components including high pressure pump, and operation risk. Due to the increase in RO plant capacity with the feed water blending, however, the RO membrane area and total power consumption increase at higher water blending rates. Therefore, a specific benefit-cost analysis should be carried out to apply the feed water blending to SWRO plants.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2018

Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF{\alpha}$) and the angiotensin system are involved in inflammatory diseases and may contribute to acute kidney injury. We investigated the mechanisms by which $TNF{\alpha}$-converting enzyme (TACE) contributes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal inflammation and the effect of TACE inhibitor treatment on LPS-induced cellular injury in human renal proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells. Mice were treated with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and HK-2 cells were cultured with or without LPS ($10{\mu}g/ml$) in the presence or absence of a type 1 TACE inhibitor ($1{\mu}M$) or type 2 TACE inhibitor ($10{\mu}M$). LPS treatment induced increased serum creatinine, $TNF{\alpha}$, and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and TACE increased, while angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) expression decreased in LPS-induced acute kidney injury and LPS-treated HK-2 cells. LPS induced reactive oxygen species and the down-regulation of ACE2, and these responses were prevented by TACE inhibitors in HK-2 cells. TACE inhibitors increased cell viability in LPS-treated HK-2 cells and attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that LPS activates renin angiotensin system components via the activation of TACE. Furthermore, inhibitors of TACE are potential therapeutic agents for kidney injury.