• Title/Summary/Keyword: density ratio

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Growth of CdSe thin films using Hot Wall Epitaxy method and their photoelectrical characteristics (HWE방법에 의한 CdSe 박막 성장과 광전기적 특성)

  • Hong, K.J.;Lee, K.K.;Lee, S.Y.;You, S.H.;Shin, Y.J.;Suh, S.S.;Jeong, J.W.;Jeong, K.A.;Shin, Y.J.;Jeong, T.S.;Kim, T.S.;Moon, J.D.;Kim, H.S.
    • Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.328-336
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    • 1997
  • The CdSe thin films were grown on the Si(100) wafers by a hot wall epitaxy method (HWE). The source and substrate temperature are $600^{\circ}C$ and $430^{\circ}C$ respectively. The crystalline structure of epilayers was investigated by double crystal X-ray diffraction(DCXD). Hall effect on the sample was measured by the van der Pauw method and studied on the carrier density and mobility dependence on temperature. From Hall data, the mobility was increased in the temperature range 30K to 150K by impurity scattering and decreased in the temperature range 150k to 293k by the lattice scattering. In order to explore the applicability as a photoconductive cell, we measured the sensitivity(${\gamma}$), the ratio of photocurrent to darkcurrent(pc/dc), maximum allowable power dissipation(MAPD), spectral response and response time. The results indicated that the photoconductive characteristic were the best for the samples annealed in Cu vapor compare with in Cd, Se, air and vacuum vapour. Then we obtained the sensitivity of 0.99, the value of pc/dc of $1.39{\times}10^{7}$, the MAPD of 335mW, and the rise and decay time of 10ms and 9.5ms, respectively.

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Selective Word Embedding for Sentence Classification by Considering Information Gain and Word Similarity (문장 분류를 위한 정보 이득 및 유사도에 따른 단어 제거와 선택적 단어 임베딩 방안)

  • Lee, Min Seok;Yang, Seok Woo;Lee, Hong Joo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.105-122
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    • 2019
  • Dimensionality reduction is one of the methods to handle big data in text mining. For dimensionality reduction, we should consider the density of data, which has a significant influence on the performance of sentence classification. It requires lots of computations for data of higher dimensions. Eventually, it can cause lots of computational cost and overfitting in the model. Thus, the dimension reduction process is necessary to improve the performance of the model. Diverse methods have been proposed from only lessening the noise of data like misspelling or informal text to including semantic and syntactic information. On top of it, the expression and selection of the text features have impacts on the performance of the classifier for sentence classification, which is one of the fields of Natural Language Processing. The common goal of dimension reduction is to find latent space that is representative of raw data from observation space. Existing methods utilize various algorithms for dimensionality reduction, such as feature extraction and feature selection. In addition to these algorithms, word embeddings, learning low-dimensional vector space representations of words, that can capture semantic and syntactic information from data are also utilized. For improving performance, recent studies have suggested methods that the word dictionary is modified according to the positive and negative score of pre-defined words. The basic idea of this study is that similar words have similar vector representations. Once the feature selection algorithm selects the words that are not important, we thought the words that are similar to the selected words also have no impacts on sentence classification. This study proposes two ways to achieve more accurate classification that conduct selective word elimination under specific regulations and construct word embedding based on Word2Vec embedding. To select words having low importance from the text, we use information gain algorithm to measure the importance and cosine similarity to search for similar words. First, we eliminate words that have comparatively low information gain values from the raw text and form word embedding. Second, we select words additionally that are similar to the words that have a low level of information gain values and make word embedding. In the end, these filtered text and word embedding apply to the deep learning models; Convolutional Neural Network and Attention-Based Bidirectional LSTM. This study uses customer reviews on Kindle in Amazon.com, IMDB, and Yelp as datasets, and classify each data using the deep learning models. The reviews got more than five helpful votes, and the ratio of helpful votes was over 70% classified as helpful reviews. Also, Yelp only shows the number of helpful votes. We extracted 100,000 reviews which got more than five helpful votes using a random sampling method among 750,000 reviews. The minimal preprocessing was executed to each dataset, such as removing numbers and special characters from text data. To evaluate the proposed methods, we compared the performances of Word2Vec and GloVe word embeddings, which used all the words. We showed that one of the proposed methods is better than the embeddings with all the words. By removing unimportant words, we can get better performance. However, if we removed too many words, it showed that the performance was lowered. For future research, it is required to consider diverse ways of preprocessing and the in-depth analysis for the co-occurrence of words to measure similarity values among words. Also, we only applied the proposed method with Word2Vec. Other embedding methods such as GloVe, fastText, ELMo can be applied with the proposed methods, and it is possible to identify the possible combinations between word embedding methods and elimination methods.

Effect of Physical, Chemical Properties and of Pelleting Solid Materials on the Germination in Pelleted Carrot Seeds (펠렛 피복물질의 물리, 화학적 특성이 당근 펠렛종자의 발아력에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang, Jum-Soon;Son, Beung-Gu;Choi, Young-Whan;Lee, Yong-Jae;Park, Young-Hoon;Choi, In-Soo
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.17 no.12
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    • pp.1701-1708
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    • 2007
  • Seed pelleting is generally conducted in order to save the labor for sowing and thinning by enabling the precision mechanical planting. In the present study, the influence of physical and chemical properties of pelleting solid materials was investigated on carrot seed germination. Among the pelleting solid materials evaluated, dialite, kaolin, and talc showed low bulk density and high porosity. Bentonite and dialite carried high water holding capacities of 184% and 173%, respectively, while calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and fly ash showed relatively low water holding capacity. The pH of kaolin (6.8) and dialite (7.4) were close to neutral, while limestone (12.8), calcium oxide (13.0), and bentonite (10.0) were highly basic. High electro-conductivity was shown in limestone and calcium oxide. EDS analysis revealed that the main elemental compositions of talc were Si (71.0%) and Mg (29.0%), and those of calcium carbonate were Ca (66.6%), Si (22.9%), and Mg (10.5%). High granulation capacity was observed from talc and the mixture of talc and calcium carbonate. Seeds pelleted with bentonite showed the highest hardness. The dissolving type of the pellet layer after imbibition was split type in talc, limestone, zeolite, and fly ash, melt type in calcium carbonate and calcium oxide, and swell type in bentonite and vermiculite. The shortest dissolving time of pellet layer was observed from calcium carbonate and kaolin. The germination speed $(T_{50})$ was delayed as the size of pelleted seeds increased. The optimum size of pelleting was 19 ratio in carrot.

Light Quality and Photoperiod Affect Growth of Sowthistle (Ixeris dentata Nakai) in a Closed-type Plant Production System (밀폐형 식물생산시스템에서 광질과 광주기에 따른 씀바귀의 생육)

  • Kim, Hye Min;Kang, Jeong Hwa;Jeong, Byoung Ryong;Hwang, Seung Jae
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.34 no.1
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    • pp.67-76
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    • 2016
  • This study was conducted to examine the optimal environmental condition for promoting the growth of sowthistle as affected by light quality and photoperiod in a closed-type plant production system. Seeds were sown in 240-cell plug trays and then germinated for 3 days at a 24-hour photoperiod in a closed-type plant production system with LED lights (R:B:W = 8:1:1). Seedlings were transplanted and grown under 3 types of LED (R:B:W = 8:1:1, R:W = 3:7, or R:B = 8:2) and 4 photoperiods (24/0, 16/8, 8/16, or 4/20 hours) with $230{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light intensity at a density of $20cm{\times}20 cm$. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Plants were cultured for 40 days un der the condition of $21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ and $70{\pm}10%$ relative humidity after transplanting. Plants were fed with a recycling nutrient solution (pH 7.0 and EC $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$) contained in a deep floating tank. Fresh weight and dry weight of shoot or root, leaf length, and leaf area were the greatest in the photoperiod of 24/0 (light/dark) with RW LED. The highest number of leaves occurred in the photoperiod of 16/8 (light/dark) with RB LED, while the incidence of tip burn was higher in the photoperiod of 24/0 (light/dark) compared to the other treatments. Chlorophyll value was the highest in the 16/8 (light/dark) photoperiod and there was no significant difference by light quality. Chlorophyll fluorescence was the lowest in the photoperiod of 24/0 (light/dark) compared with other treatments. Therefore, in terms of economic feasibility and productivity for Ixeris dentata Nakai cultivation in a closed-type plant production system, the results obtained suggest that plants grew the best when kept in a photoperiod of 16/8 (light/dark) and light quality of combined LED RW (3:7).

Effects of Dietary Nutrient Levels on Growth Performance, Blood Urea Nitrogen, and Meat Quality in Finishing Pigs (비육돈에 있어서 영양소 및 원료 첨가수준이 다른 사료의 급여가 생산성, 혈중 요소태질소 및 육질특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Shin, Seung-Oh;Cho, Jin-Ho;Kim, Hae-Jin;Chen, Ying-Jie;Yoo, Jong-Sang;Wang, Yuan;Huang, Yan;Kim, In-Ho
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.387-391
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary nutrient levels on growth performance, blood urea nitrogen, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of ninety six pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) were used in this 66 day study. Dietary treatments included 1) T1 (ME 3,441 kcal/kg, CP 16.30%, Lysine 0.93%), 2) T2 (ME 3,433 kcal/kg, CP 17.00%, Lysine 1.00% and 3) T3 (ME 3,449 kcal/kg, CP 17.00%, Lysine 1.00%). During the overall period, there were no significant differences in ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake), gain/feed ratio or BUN (blood urea nitrogen) among the treatments (p>0.05). The $b^*$ value of M. longissimus dorsi muscle color significantly increased (p<0.05) with T3 treatment compared to T2 treatment. However, there were no differences in the $L^*\;and\;a^*$ values, pH, M. logissimus dorsi area, drip loss, cooking loss, TBARS and WHC (water holding capacity) for pigs fed the various treatments (p>0.05). The total feed cost per kg of weight gain was not significantly different among the various dietary treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, these results show no effects of dietary nutrient levels on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs, and also suggest that a high nutrient density diet may not be a beneficial feeding strategy for finishing pigs in terms of cost.

Enzymatic Method for Measuring ATP Related Compounds in Fish Sauces (효소법에 의한 액젓중의 ATP 관련물질 측정)

  • CHO Young Je;IM Yeong Sun;KIM Sang Moo;CHOI Young Joon
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.385-390
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    • 1999
  • HPLC method usually has been used for the determination of ATP and its related compounds in fish muscle and fish sauce. But, total amount of ATP related compounds in fish sauce is determined less than that of fish muscle. In order to establish the extract analysis method for ATP related compounds in fish sauce, a new enzymatic method was developed and compared with existing HPLC method. Fish sauce was extracted with chilled perchloric acid and neutralized to Ph 7.0 with potassium hydroxide solution, the extract was used as sample analyzed by HPLC as usual. On the other hand, for sample analyzed by enzymatic method, 1 ml extract solution was pipetted into test tube. To the tube, 0.5ml of mixed suspension adenosinedeaminase (4U), nucleosidephosphorylase (0.02U) and xanthineoxidase (0.03U) suspended in 2.0ml of 1/15 M sodium phosphate buffer solution pH 7.6 and 1.5ml deionized water wereadded for the decomposition of IMP, HxR and Hx to uric acid at $37^{\circ}C$ for 40 minutes. Total uric acid was determined by measuring optical density at 290nm. In HPLC method, salt decreased the total amount of ATP related compounds by $13.6\~16.2\%$ at $2.5\%$ concentration, but no effect in enzymatic method. IMP, HxR and Hx were detected at 254nm, while uric acid at only 290nm. The ratio of the total amount of ATP related compounds by HPLC method was about $45\%$ of that by enzymatic method in fish sauce. Form these results, enzymatic method is more accurate and simple than HPLC method for analysis of ATP related compounds in fish sauce.

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Effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and vaporized ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment for the shelf life of 'Seolhyang' strawberries (딸기 '설향' 품종의 MAP 및 ethyl pyruvate 처리의 유통기한 연장 효과 연구)

  • Kim, Jinse;Park, Jong Woo;Park, Seok Ho;Choi, Dong Soo;Kim, Yong Hoon;Lee, Soo Jang;Park, Chun Wan;Lee, Jung Soo;Cho, Byoung-Kwan
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.351-360
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    • 2017
  • We have studied the technology to extend the storage period of 'Seolhyang' strawberries using modified atmosphere package (MAP) and ethyl pyruvate (EP) treatment for domestic distribution and export. The selected ripe strawberries harvested on December 28, 2016 at the Sancheong farmhouse were transported to the laboratory for 2 h and tested. After a day's precooling at $4^{\circ}C$, the strawberries were divided into seven experimental groups. These groups were control, active MAP using low density polyethylene (LDPE), active MAP using polyamide (PA), active MAP using PA with EP treatment, passive MAP using LDPE, passive MAP using PA and passive MAP using PA with EP treatment. Quality analysis was carried out every 4 days during the storage period of 16 days. During the storage period of 16 days, MAP decreased from 3.5% to less than 1.1% in weight loss ratio compared with control, and decreased from 36% to less than 7% in fungal incidence. In the case of fungi in the EP treatment group, hyphae did not grow on the outside of the strawberry but grew to the inside. This tendency was similar to that in the low oxygen and high carbon dioxide environment of the MAP, the mycelium of the fungus did not grow outside of the strawberry. Fungi are the biggest problem in the distribution and export of strawberries, and these results suggest that MAP alone could inhibit mold and increase shelf life.

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations by Fe and Al Hydroxides (철, 알루미늄 수산화물에 의한 중금속 Ion의 흡착)

  • Lee, Jyung-Jae;Chang, Sang-Moon;Choi, Jyung
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.105-113
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    • 1995
  • Adsorption experiments of heavy metal cations by Fe- and Al-hydroxides was conducted to obtain clear information on their adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption isothermal curves of heavy metal cations by Fe- and Al-hydroxides conformed to Langmuir's equation. Increasing the crystallinity degree of Fe- and Al-hydroxides tended to decrease the adsorption capacity and binding energy of heavy metal cations. At the same crystallinity degree, Al-hydroxide showed higher adsorption capacity and energy for the heavy metal cations than Fe-hydroxide. The adsorption capacity and energy of heavy metal cations were directly related to CEC, specific surface area and charge density of hydroxides, and the sequence was in the order of $Cu^{+{+}}$ > $Zn^{+{+}}$ > $Cd^{+{+}}$. The adsorption mechanism of $M^{+{+}}$ form of heavy metal could be presumed as the specific adsorption of $M^{+{+}}$ and the desorption of two $H^+$ from the surface aquo($OH_2$) and/or hydroxo(-OH) group for each mole of $M^{+{+}}$ adsorbed. A ring structure between $M^{+{+}}$ and two surface aquo and/or hydroxo groups was postulated. Nonspecific adsorption involved the adsorption of $MCl^+$ and the desorption of one H+ from the surface aquo and/or hydroxo groups for each mole of $M^{+{+}}$ adsorbed. A single bond structure in which $MCl^+$ replaced one $H^+$ from the surface aquo and/or hydroxo groups was postulated. The ratio of specific to nonspecific adsorption increased with increasing pH.

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Influence of Cultivated Regions in Organic and Conventional Farming Paddy Field (벼 유기농업과 관행농업에 미치는 재배지역의 영향)

  • Lee, Seong-Tae;Seo, Dong-Cheol;Cho, Ju-Sik;Kim, Eun-Seok;Song, Won-Doo;Lee, Young-Han
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.408-414
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study was to find out optimum cultivated regions for rice organic farming. The organic and conventional rice as control were grown in three different places : secluded hill paddy field for Hapcheon, normal rural paddy field for Sancheong, and suburban paddy field for Jinju from 2005 to 2006. In secluded hill paddy field, the organic material and pesticide to control pest and disease were input twice for organic and conventional rice cultivation. However, in normal rural and suburban paddy field, those were input three times for organic and conventional rice cultivation. The occurrence of sheath blight in organic farming was higher than in conventional farming. Whereas brown planthopper population per 20 plant was significantly high 10.1~19.5 for conventional farming compared with 4.4~10.0 for organic farming. For that reason, the density of the brown planthoppers was higher in organic farming than those in conventional farming. Dominated weeds occurred in organic and conventional paddy field were namely Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia prostrata, and Cyperus difformis. The population per 20 plant and dried weight per $m^2$ of weeds were higher in 121 and 50.5 g for organic paddy field. The productivity of rice in different cultivated regions for organic farming was $2.96Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in hill paddy field, $4.03Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in normal rural and suburban paddy field. Toyo-taste value and ratio of perfect grain of milled rice were not different by cultivated regions in both farming system.

Effects of Light Intensity on the Growth Performance, Blood Parameter and Immune Status of Broiler Chicks (조도가 육계 병아리의 생산성, 혈액성상 및 면역 수준에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Hee-Jin;Son, Jiseon;Jeon, Jin-Joo;Kim, Hyun-Soo;You, Are-Sun;Kang, Hwan-Ku;Kang, Bo-Seok;Hong, Eui-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.143-150
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    • 2021
  • In this study, we investigated the effects of light intensity on broiler chick growth performance, blood parameters, and stress levels. A total of 240 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers (47.97±0.166 g) were subjected to three different intensities of light (20, 30, and 50 lx), with each treatment being conducted with four replicates. On the seventh day, the growth performance (body weight, feed conversion ratio, and breast muscle and liver weights) and blood parameters were determined; the levels of serum corticosterone, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α were also evaluated. The body weight, weight gain, liver weight, and breast muscle weight of chicks exposed to a light intensity of 50 lx were significantly increased compared with those of chicks subjected to 20 lx (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts and the biochemical profile exceptions being the levels of glucose and inorganic phosphorus in the blood of the chicks in the three light intensity groups. However, serum corticosterone and IL-6 levels were the highest in chicks exposed to a light intensity of 20 lx (P<0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that broiler chicks exposed to higher light intensity (50 lx) show significant improvements in terms of weight gain and corticosterone and IL-6 levels. Thus, high light intensities enhanced the growth performance, stress levels, and immune status of broiler chicks.