• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.347-357
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated bone mineral density and nutritional state according to consumption of milk in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee. Methods: Using the 2008~2009 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey data, a total of 1,373 postmenopausal females aged 50 yrs and over were analyzed after excluding those with diseases related to bone health. According to coffee and/or milk consumption, subjects were divided into four groups: coffee only, both coffee & milk, milk only, and none of the above. All data were processed after application of weighted values and adjustment of age, body mass index, physical activity, drinking, and smoking using a general linear model. For analysis of nutrient intake and bone density, data were additionally adjusted by total energy and calcium intake. Results: The coffee & milk group had more subjects younger than 65 yrs and higher education, urban residents, and higher income than any other group. The coffee only group showed somewhat similar characteristics as the none of the above group, which showed the highest percentage of subjects older than 65 and in a lower education and socio-economic state. Body weight, height, body mass index, and lean mass were the highest in coffee & milk group and lowest in the none of the above group. On the other hand, the milk only group showed the lowest values for body mass index and waist circumference, whereas percent body fat did not show any difference among the groups. The coffee and milk group showed the highest bone mineral density in the total femur and lumbar spine as well as the highest nutritional state and most food group intakes, followed by the milk only group, coffee only group, and none of the above group. In the assessment of osteoporosis based on T-score of bone mineral density, although not significant, the coffee and milk group and milk only group, which showed a better nutritional state, included more subjects with a normal bone density, whereas the none of the above group included more subjects with osteoporosis than any other group. Conclusion: Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women might not be affected by coffee drinking if their diets are accompanied by balanced food and nutrient intake including milk.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2013

The mushrooms collected at seven areas of Mt. Chiak in 2002 and 2003 were classified to analyse the distribution and species diversity. Frequency (number of mushroom : N), number of species (S), relative species density (RSD), similarity index (C), richness index (R1), variety index (V1), evenness index (E2), and dominance index(D1) were investigated. Total N and S was 143 and 84, respectively. The RSD was 0.179 ~ 0.226 of the 7 areas. The yearly C of the total area (0.213) was 8.2%. more higher than the average C of 7 areas (0.131). The order in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the indicator for 7 areas was N (10.5%) > D1 (9.2%) > V1 (8.9%) > S (8.5%) > R1 (7.4%) > E2 (2.2%). The average R1 of the 7 areas was 5.36 with the range from 4.85 to 6.01, and 16.72 for the total area. The average V1 of the 7 areas was 16.24 with the range from 14.44 to 18.66, and 68.82 for the total area. The average E2 of the 7 areas was 0.95 with the range from 0.926 to 0.982, and 0.819 for the total area. The average D1 of the 7 areas was 0.071 with the range from 0.055 to 0.073, and 0.081 for the total area. The correlation between N and 5 kinds of diversity indicator (S, R1, V1, E2, D) was not statistically significant, but the correlation between R1, E2 and D1 was statistically significant each other.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1172-1178
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• 2005

Purpose : Childhood Obesity is increasing throughout the world, and it is known to incur many diseases especially in later life such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between obesity and insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3(IGFBP-3) and know if these factors are useful in predicting cardiovascular diseases. Methods : The study group consisted of 64 moderate and severe obese adolescents and the controls were normal adolescents of the same age. body mass index(BMI) was calculated by height and weight; systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured at resting state. After 10-hour fasting period, blood cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol, glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured. Results : Insulin was significantly higher in the obese adolescent group than the control group(obese group $15.6{\pm}7.0{\mu}IU/mL$, P<0.01). IGF-I was also significantly higher in the obese adolescent group than the control group(obese group $498.1{\pm}122.2ng/mL$, P<0.05). In addition, IGFBP-3 was significantly higher in the obese adolescent group than the control group(obese group $3,777{\pm}4,721ng/mL$, P<0.05). Insulin showed significantly positive correlation with BMI(r=0.3944) and obesity index(r=0.34). IGFBP-3 were significantly correlated with obesity index(r=0.419), diastolic blood pressure (r=0.264) and BMI(r=0.247). Insulin resistance index significantly positive correlation with BMI(r=0.595), blood triglycerid level(r=0.515) and obesity index(r=0.469). Conclusion : Serum insulin, insulin resistance index, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels may be useful to predict cardiovascular diseases in adolescent obesity.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

Purpose; Dysregulation of gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important in development of ulcer, atrophy and neoplasia in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of infection of H. pylori on gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in children. Methods: Histological grading by updated Sydney system, PCNA immunostaining and TUNEL method were performed in H. pylori positive (N=58) and negative (N=40) gastric biopsy specimens. Results: In H. pylori positive children, there were significantly higher grade of polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (P=0.000), chronic inflammation (P=0.000), epithelial damage (P=0.000) and lymphoid follicles (P=0.000) than in H. pylori negative children. Intestinal metaplasia was not seen in H. pylori positive children. PCNA index was significantly different between H. pylori positive children ($67.8{\pm}18.13$) and H. pylori negative children ($54.8{\pm}14.46$, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between PCNA index and H. pylori density (r=0.277, P=0.007), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.280, P=0.007) and chronic inflammation (r=0.284, P=0.006). Apoptosis index of H. pylori positive children ($0.44{\pm}0.447$) was significantly higher than of H. pylori negative children ($0.14{\pm}0.196$, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between apoptosis index and H. pylori density (r=0.472, P=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.370, P=0.001) and chronic inflammation (r=0.483, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between PCNA index and apoptosis index (r=0.353, P=0.003). Conclusion: The PCNA and apoptosis index in H. pylori positive children were significantly higher than in H. pylori negative children. This study suggested that gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important to pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in children.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.272-286
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the community structure and health assessment of macrobenthic assemblages in Cheonsu Bay, West Coast of Korea. Total species number was 224 and mean density was $1,940ind./m^2$, both of which were dominated by polychaete worms (111 species and $1,213ind./m^2$). In terms of density, the major dominant species were the bivalve Theora fragilis ($280{\pm}213ind./m^2$), the polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis ($254{\pm}218ind./m^2$), Lumbrineris longifolia ($216{\pm}41ind./m^2$), Mediomastus californiensis ($158{\pm}97ind./m^2$) and the amphipod Eriopisella sechellensis ($167{\pm}100ind./m^2$). As a result of community statistics (cluster analysis and nMDS ordination), the macrobenthic community structure was classified two major groups (inner and mouth of bay) and two stations (station 2 near Ganwol dyke in spring and summer). The Benthic Pollution Index (BPI) and AZTI's Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) were applied to assess the benthic ecological status. During the sampling periods, the BPI Index values varied between 11 (bad status) and 92 (high status). On the other hand, the AMBI Index values was ranged between 1.34 (good status) and 4.39 (poor status). In conclusion, in terms of the mean BPI and AMBI Index values, the ecological status of Cheonsu Bay were moderate status (ecotone stage) and good status, respectively.

• 지역과문화
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.173-202
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• 2020

This study aims to enhance the family-friendliness of the region by examining the relationship between family relations and the community environment, and objectively comparing the local environment surrounding the family. To this end, we reviewed the areas of socio-cultural and economic sectors that affect the family relationship satisfaction, and in particular, analyzed the trend of changes in regional index by utilizing the Korean Family Happiness Composite Index (KFHCI) developed as a community indicators. This index utilizes community indicators published in the National Statistical Portal's "e-Region indicators," and these variables are related to family relationship satisfaction. Therefore, this study compared the seven areas of the Family Happiness Composite Index (Population Family, Health Culture, Education, Income Consumption, Employment Labor, Housing Transportation, Environment and Social Integration) by region, and examined the trends for 10 years. According to the study, the average score of KFHCI's entire region was rising from 2008 to 2018. Overall, the community environment that affects family relationship satisfaction is also improving. The regions belonging to the upper level were Jeonnam, Gangwon, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, and Gyeongbuk. Areas belonging to the lower level are Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, and Gwangju. In almost sectors, the lower-level regions did not have sufficient physical infrastructure compared to population density and over-density, and improved little by little, but not enough to reflect the needs of local people and improve the quality of life. In the future, we should develop more regular and complementary indicators to develop customized policies for each region that can improve the quality of family relationships. It will also be necessary to study the impact of each index field when a socioeconomic crisis occurs due to social disasters, and try to change indicators

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2000

The melt rheology of four binary blends of ethylene 1-octene copolymers (EOCs) which consist of one component by Ziegler-Natta and another by metallocene catalysts, was studied to elucidate miscibility in the melt by using torsion rheometer at 200$\^{C}$ and different shear rates. The four blend systems, designated into the FA+FM, SF+FM, RF+EN, and RF+PL blend, are divided and interpreted based on the melt index (MI), the density and the comonomer contents. The melt viscosity such asη', η", and η$\^$*/ is weight average value if the comonomer contents are similar, otherwise they show different manner. The experimental resole are analyzed based on the Cole-Cole plot of logη' uersus log η", the logarithmic plots of the dynamic storage modulus (G') versus the dynamic loss modulus (G") for various blend compositions, and the melt viscosity of 11', n", and f" as a function of blend compositions. As a cerise-quence, the FA+FM blend is miscible, but the SF+FM, RF+EN, and RF+PL blends are not in the melt. Thus miscibility of the blends studied in this communication is suggested to strongly influence by the comonomer contents rather than the density or the MI.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weight control program on body composition(body mass index and waist-hip ratio), blood pressure, serum lipids(total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein) and self-regulation behavior in obese college women. Methods: Forty seven obese subjects were divided into experimental(22) and control(25) groups. The weight control program lasting 12 weeks consisted of a traffic-light diet, jumping-rope exercises, and behavior modification methods with e-mail counseling. The data were collected from 29 March to 17 September of 2004. The variables were assessed before and after intervention for 12 weeks in two groups. Then, those were repeated after a 12 week suspension of intervention in the experimental group. The data were analysed by the SPSS computer program. Results: BMI, HDL, LDL and self-regulation behavior levels showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups. While there were no significant differences in waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Conclusion: The weight control program had a positive effect on obese college women, and can be used to control obesity.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.186-199
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• 2005

A selection of commercially available poly(ethy1ene terephtha1ate) fibers with different degrees of molecular alignment and crystallinity have been investigated utilizing a wide range of techniques including optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy together with thermal and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques. Annealing experiments showed increased molecular alignment and crystallinity as shown by the increased values of birefringence and melting enthalpies. Crystallinity values determined from thermal analysis, density, unpolarized infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are compared and discussed in terms of the inherent capabilities and limitations of each measurement technique. The birefringence and refractive index values obtained from optical microscopy are found to decrease with increasing wavelength of light used in the experiments. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the samples with relatively low orientation possess oriented non-crystalline array of chains whereas those with high molecular orientation possess well defined and oriented crystalline array of chains along the fiber axis direction. X-ray analysis showed increasing crystallite size trend with increasing molecular orientation. SEM images showed micro-cracks on low oriented fiber surfaces becoming smooth on highly oriented fiber surfaces. Excellent bending characteristics were observed with knotted fibers implying relatively easy fabric formation.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2020

Super engineering plastic(SEP) are applied to high performance and high value industries due to their excellent mechanical properties and high continuous operating temperature. Among them, PES and PEI are amorphous SEPs, and have the advantages of high flexibility, mechanical properties, transparency, and thermal stability. In this study, polyethersulfone(PES) and polyetherimide(PEI) fibers were manufactured to produce flame retardant artificial hair. PES and PEI fibers prepared through a melt-spinning process at a high temperature of 360 to 420℃. They are compared with commercial artificial hair by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), linear density, tenacity, and limited oxygen index(LOI) analysis. PES and PEI fibers have similar linear density and tenacity to commercial artificial hair, while their thermal stability and flame retardant are excellent. In particular, flame retardant was analyzed through LOI value and PES was 35.1%, which is superior to commercial artificial hair PET/Br(28.2%) and PET/P(20.2%). Therefore, PES and PEI are suitable as artificial hair for flame retardant.