• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.381.1-381.1
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the deposition behavior and the etch resistivity of plasma polymerized carbon hardmask (ppCHM) film with the variation of process temperature. The etch resistivity of deposited ppCHM film was analyzed by thickness measurement before and after direct contact reactive ion etching process. The physical and chemical properties of films were characterized on the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscope, Raman spectroscope, stress gauge, and ellipsometry. The deposition behavior of ppCHM process with the variation of temperature was correlated refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), intrinsic stress (MPa), and deposition rate (A/s) with the hydrocarbon concentration, graphite (G) and disordered (D) peak by analyzing the Raman and FT-IR spectrum. From this experiment we knew an optimal deposition condition for structure of carbon hardmask with the higher etch selectivity to oxide. It was shown the density of ppCHM film had 1.6~1.9 g/cm3 and its refractive index was 1.8~1.9 at process temperature, $300{\sim}600^{\circ}C$. The etch selectivity of ppCHM film was shown about 1:4~1:8 to undoped siliconoxide (USG) film (etch rate, 1300 A/min).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.314-319
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• 2002

To inspect how the different sensitivities in BAS (or BIS) moderate on the HRV pattern stimulated by positive or negative affective sound, we measured the electrocardiogram (ECG) of 25 students, consisted of 4 groups depending on the BAS (or BIS) sensitivity, while listening music or being exposed to noise. The power spectral density of HRV was derived from the ECG, and the power of HRV was calculated for 3 major frequency ranges (low frequency [LF], medium frequency [MF], and high frequency [HF]). We found that the index MF/(LF+HF), while listening music, was 20 % higher in the individuals with a low BIS but high BAS than in the individuals with a low sensitivity In both BIS and BAS. Moreover, in the former group this index was 30 % higher while listening music than while being exposed to noise. From these results we suggest that individuals with a low BIS but high BAS be more sensitive to positive affective stimuli than other groups, and the index MF/(LF+HF) be applicable to evaluate positive affects.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.543-548
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• 2007

Low-energy processing technology, which enhances the utility of defatted soybean flour (DSF), was developed using extrusion processing. DSF was extruded at different conditions using a twin screw extruder and then, dried at $40^{\circ}C$ for 20 hr. The nitrogen solubility index (NSI), viscosity, water solubility index (WSI), and water absorption index (WAI) of DSF increased after extrusion processing. The density of DSF extrudates decreased with the decrease in water content from 53 to 33% and the increase in extrusion temperature from 110 to $160^{\circ}C$. The addition of NaOH from 1.2 to 1.8% and citric acid from 1 to 5% increased the total solubility (TS) of DSF due to the decrease of protein coiling and hydrophobic bonds formation during extrusion processing. When viscozyme was reacted first, TS, NSI, and soluble carbohydrate content of DSF hydrolysates increased about 12, 6, and 7%, respectively, compared to them reacted with protease first. The TS and NSI of DSF hydrolysates were increased about 15 and 10%, respectively, by extrusion processing at alkaline and acidic pH. Extrusion processing at alkaline and acidic pH contributed the increase of efficiency to hydrolyze DSF samples using enzyme.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

In this paper, we propose a Small Active Command scheme which reduces the power consumption of the command bus to DRAM. To do this, we target the ACTIVE command, which consists of multiple packets, containing the row address that occupies the largest size among the addresses delivered to the DRAM. The proposed scheme identifies frequently referenced row addresses as Hot pages first, and delivers index numbers of small caches (tables) located in the memory controller and DRAM. I-ACTIVE and I-PRECHARGE commands using unused bits of existing DRAM commands are added for index number transfer and cache synchronization management. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the command bus power consumption by 20% and 8.1% on average in the close-page and open-page policies, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.88-96
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• 2022

Widespread infectious diseases are a concern for workers working in confined spaces. However, there is no risk assessment index for the risk of infectious disease in the workplace. Therefore, we propose a simple but effective index model to assess the risk of infectious diseases in the workplace. The proposed model identifies the risk of each workplace through an evaluation sheet comprising the frequency and intensity of the infectious disease. The intensity of an infectious disease is generally governed by the density of workers, whereas frequency is the sum of physical-e nvironmental and human management factors. By multiplying intensity and frequency, the risk of the workplace is derived. Through the proposed model, we evaluate the risks of workers at 15 different work sites. The proposed model clearly reveals what should be improved to keep workers safe from infectious diseases and will be helpful in assessing the risk of contagious disease at the work place.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.193-194
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• 2010

This study classify the every meshes in Busan metropolitan city, based on the heat density and cooling/heating ratio. As the result of evaluations on the heat density and cooling/heating ratio for the 3289 meshes, the number of meshes which needs more than 2.5 Tcal/mesh.year of heat density is 850(25.8%). The meshes that needs more than district and cooling index 1, which is normally and strongly requested to introduce the district cooling and heating system, is 188(5.7%).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2004

There is some evidence that phytostrogen plays an important role in bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. In this study, we investigated the phytoestrogen intake levels and the relation between dietary phytoestrogens intake and bone mineral density of vegetarian (n = 77) and omnivore postmenopausal women (n = 122 . Vegetarian women, all of them were seven day adventists, who had been on vegetarian diet (almost lacto-ovo vegetarians;a few vegans) oyer 20 yrs. The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 62.3 yrs and 60.2 yrs, respectively and, there was no significant difference. However, body weight (p < 0.001), body mass index (p < 0.001) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. The mean daily energy intake of vegetarians and omnivores were 1386.1 kcal (76.3% of RDA) and 1424.5 kcal (76.9% of RDA), respectively. The mean calcium intake of vegetarians (456.7 mg, 66.3 % of RDA) was not significantly different from that of omnivores (453.5 mg, 65.2 % of RDA). The mean daily isoflavones (daidzein +genistein) intake of vegetarians and omnivore were 33.9 mg and 23.9 mg, respectively. The vegetarians consumed significantly greater quantities of isoflavones (p < 0.05) and lignans precursor (p < 0.05). In the vegetarians, intake of isoflavones was significantly positively correlated with BMD of femoral neck, after adjusted for age and BMI. Also lignan precursor intake of vegetarians was significantly positively correlated with BMD of spine, after adjusted for age and BMI. In conclusion, in omnivore post menopausal women, intake of phytoestrogen such as isoflavones and lignans was little low, and it is not clear that positive association with bone mineral density. But in vegetarian postmenopausal women, phytoestrogen intakes be important factors related to bone mineral density.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.6246-6256
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) on Premenopausal Women. This study made use of the data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2, 2011). The results are as follows. The factors with an effect on the bone mineral density (BMD) were the body mass index, age, and walking exercise. These factors explain 11.7% of the variance in the BMD. In addition, the bone density of people in their 20s was lower than those in their 50s. Walking exercise for less than 3 days showed that the BMD had decreased significantly. In conclusion, to maintain a normal BMD on premenopausal women, it is important to avoid an excessive diet and recognize the correct body image. These results suggest that education programs including the appropriate diet and lifestyle should be developed for women in their 20's.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.801-807
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• 2006

To elucidate the effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density and antioxidant enzyme activity in 60 postmenopausal women residing in Iksan area were recruited. There were 31 participants in the treatment group and 29 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas. Physical examination, diet survey, bone mineral density (BMD) and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TA)). The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.3 mg) and the control group (24.0 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. Isoflavone supplementation of 12 weeks did not resulted in any significant changes in BMD or parameters of antioxidant enzyme activity, implying the necessity of more intensive intervention for a substantial change. In conclusion, this study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activity holds a significant relationship with the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and further systematic research on dose and period of isoflavone supplementation is needed to clearify the positive effect of isoflavone on BMD and/or blood antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2003

This study investigated associations between nutrient intake, lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) , and bone mineral content (BMC) among 33 ovariectomized women (mean age =47.2 y) . Forty-five premenopausal women participated as a control group. The BMD and BMC of the lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Nutrient intake was estimated by the convenient method and a quantitative food frequency questionnaire was designed for this study that included the most commonly consumed foods sources of calcium. Participants were asked to identify all daily physical activities, and the number of hours per activity. The participants were also grouped by calcium intake. The total calcium intake of all participants was estimated by dietary calcium intake and then the subjects were divided into quartiles to assess the lumbar BMD and BMC of the highest quartile and the lowest quartile of calcium intake. The ovariectomized women consumed 602 mg/d of calcium which is 86% of RDA. There were significant differences in lumbar BMD and BMC between control and ovariectomized group. Within ovariectomized group the highest quartile calcium intake group had significantly greater lumbar bone mineral density and bone mineral content than the lowest quartile calcium intake group. Correlation analysis revealed that the ALP was positively associated with calcium index in control women, while ALP was positively associated with energy intake in ovariectomized women. And body weight was positively correlated with the spinal BMD and BMC in all women. The spinal BMD was negatively associated with menarche age, number of child, and the age of last child delivery, and age in control women. However, neither menarche age nor the age of last child delivery were associated with both spinal BMD in ovariectomized women. These results confirmed that ovariectomized and low calcium intake is associated with poor bone mineral density. Energy and calcium intake and adequate body weight should be recommended in ovariectomized women to prevent osteoporosis.