• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2009

Objectives : Bupleuri Radix (Siho) is prescribed as the root of different Bupleurum species on the pharmarcopoeia in Korea and China. Moreover, other species and varieties of the genus Bupleurum have been also distributed on the herbal market as Bupleuri Radix. However, due to the morphological similarity and frequent occurrence of intermediate forms, the correct identification of this radix is very difficult. To develop a reliable method for correct identification and improving the quality standards of official Bupleuri Radix, we analyzed sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) region. Methods : PCR amplification of rDNA-ITS region was performed using ITS1 and ITS4 primer from 6 Bupleurum species and 1 variety, B. falcatum L. (Siho), an improved breed of B. falcatum L. (Samdo-Siho), B. chinense DC. (Buk-Siho), B. scorzonerifolium Willd. (Nam-Siho), B. longiadiatum Turcz. (Gae-Siho), B. euphorbiodes Nakai (Deungdae-Siho) and B. latissimum Nakai (Seom-Siho), and nucleotide sequence was determined after sub-cloning into the pGEM-Teasy vector. Authentic marker nucleotides were estimated by the analysis of ClastalW using entire rDNA-ITS sequence of three samples per species. Results : In comparative analysis of the rDNA-ITS sequences, we found specific nucleotides to distinguish Korean (B. falcatum L. and its variety) and Chinese official species (B. chinense DC. and B. scorzonerifolium Willd.) from others at positions 411 and 447, and positions 89, 101, 415 and 599, respectively. Futhermore, we also found nucleotide indels (insertion and/or deletion) and substitutions to identify each of different Bupleurum species, 2 positions for B. falcatum L. and its variety, 6 positions for B. chinense DC., 49 positions for B. scorzonerifolium Willd., 8 positions for B. euphorbioides Nakai, 7 positions for B. longiradiatum Nakai and 9 positions for B. latissimum Nakai. These sequence differences at corresponding positions are avaliable nucleotide markers to determine the botanical origins of Bupleuri Radix. Moreover, we confirmed the phylogenetic relationship of B. latissimum Nakai, a Korean endemic speices, among Bupleurum species based on the rDNA-ITS sequence. Conclusions : These marker nucleotides would be useful to identify the official herbal medicines by the providing of definitive information that can identify each plant species and distinguish it from unauthentic adulterant Bupleurum species.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.884-890
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• 2002

목 적 : Henoch-Schonlein purpura(이하 HSP) 신염은 HSP 환자의 약 25-50%에서 발생하여, 소아 연령에서 발생하는 사구체 신염의 중요한 원인 중의 일부를 차지하고 있다. 저자들은 HSP 환자들을 대상으로 하여 신장의 침범이 있는 군과 없는 군으로 분류하여 양군 사이에 ACE 유전자 다형성의 분포에 차이가 있는지를 조사하고, HSP 신염 환자군을 대상으로 ACE 유전자 다형성이 임상양상과 특히 단백뇨와 관련이 있는 지를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 1996년 1월부터 2001년 6월까지 부산백병원 소아과를 방문하여 Henoch-Schonlein purpura로 진단된 61명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 이들 중 신장의 침범이 확인된 환자는 33명이었다. ACE 유전자형은 PCR로 측정하였다. 결 과 : 1) ACE 유전자형의 분포는 Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP)군에서 DD형이 25%, ID형이 50%, 그리고 II형이 25%이었다. HSP 신염군에서는 DD형이 24%, ID형이 46%, II형이 30%으로 HSP 신염군과 HSP군 사이에는 유전자형 분포의 유의한 차이는 없었다(P=0.90). 2) HSP 신염군에서 각각의 유전자형에 따른 심한 현미경적 혈뇨(>many/HPF), 단백뇨의 동반, 사구체 여과율, 혈청 알부민, 혈청 크레아티닌치 등은 초기와 추적 관찰 후의 검사 모두에서 유전자형에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3) 단백뇨의 발생빈도와 24시간 채집뇨의 단백량은 유전자형에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다. 중등도 이상의 단백뇨(${\geq}500mg/m^2/day$)를 가진 경우도 유전자 형에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. DD형과 ID형을 합하여 II형과 비교분석을 하였을 때, DD+ID형에서 초기와 추적 관찰 후 단백뇨의 발생빈도, 그리고 24시간 채집뇨 단백량은 II형에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 중등도 이상의 단백뇨(${\geq}500mg/m^2/day$)를 가진 경우도 DD+ID형의 경우 II형에 비해 높았으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 소아 HSP 신염 환자에서 ACE 유전자형의 분포는 HSP 환자 군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. DD 혹은 ID형의 경우 II형에 비해 단백뇨의 빈도나 24시간 채집뇨의 단백량이 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. HSP 신염에서 ACE 유전자 다양성의 영향을 보다 정확하게 확인하기 위해서는 장기간의 추적 관찰이 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.331-340
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• 2015

DNA/RNA결합 단백질로 다양한 기능을 한다고 알려진Fused in Sarcoma (FUS)의 유전자 돌연변이가 루게릭병 및 전측두엽성 치매 환자에서 발견되었다. 정상적인 FUS는 핵에 위치하지만 병리상황에서 FUS는 세포질로 잘못 타기팅 되어 스트레스 응집체와 결합된 단백질 응집체를 형성하는 것으로 알려졌다. 그러나 이들에 의한 스트레스 응집체 형성 기전 및 응집체 형성에 관여하는 FUS의 도메인은 정확히 알려지지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 루게릭병 연관 FUS 미스센스 돌연변이(P525L, R521C, R521H, R521G)의 세포내 위치 및 세포질 FUS의 응집체 형성에 관여하는 FUS내 도메인을 분석하고 동정하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저, FUS 미스센스 돌연변이의 세포내 위치를 분석한 결과, P525L대부분은 세포질로 위치하여 스트레스 응집체를 형성하는 반면, R521C, R521H, R521G는 핵과 세포질에 위치하였다. 이를 통해 FUS의 핵으로의 이동에는 FUS의 마지막 2개의 아미노산이 매우 중요함을 확인할 수 있었다. 세포질로 빠져 나온 FUS의 응집체 형성에 관여하는 FUS도메인 분석을 위해서 핵 위치서열이 결손되어 대부분 세포질 응집체를 형성하는 FUS-∆17를 이용하여, 다양한 도메인 결손 돌연변이를 제작하고, 이들의 응집체 형성여부를 분석하였다. 그 결과, SYGQ-RGG1나 RGG2-ZnF-RGG3없는 세포질 FUS (FUS-∆SYGQ-RGG1-∆17, FUS-∆RGG2-ZnF-RGG3-∆17)는 스트레스 응집체를 형성하지 않은 반면, RRM이 없는 FUS-∆RRM-∆17은 FUS-∆17에 비해 많은 스트레스 응집체를 형성함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 도메인 분석결과 세포질의 FUS는 SYGQ-RGG1나 RGG2-ZnF-RGG3 도메인을 통해 FUS 스트레스 응집체 형성이 촉진되고, RRM도메인은 FUS 응집체 형성을 저해하고 있는 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 연구 결과는 FUS의 스트레스 응집체 형성과 연관된 다양한 퇴행성 뇌질환의 발병기전에 대한 이해뿐만이 아니라 이들 질환 치료를 위한 치료 후보 타겟 물질 발굴에 중요한 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2016

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of considerable genetic diversity with varying pathogenicity. Initially, we found that the strain M7 was far less pathogenic than the strain Lm850658 though both are serovar 4a strains belonging to the lineage III. Comparative genomic approaches were then attempted to decipher the genetic basis that might govern the strain-dependent pathotypes. There are 2,761 coding sequences of 100% nucleotide identity between the two strains, accounting for 95.7% of the total genes in Lm850658 and 92.7% in M7. Lm850658 contains 33 specific genes, including a novel 20K prophage whereas strain M7 has 130 specific genes, including two large prophages (38K and 44K). To examine the roles of these specific prophages in pathogenicity, the 20K and 38K prophages were deleted from their respective strains. There were virtually no differences of pathogenicity between the deletion mutants and their parent strains, although some putative virulent factors like VirB4 are present in the 20K region or holin-lysin in the 38K region. In silico PCR analysis of 29 listeria genomes show that only strain SLCC2540 has the same 18 bp integration hotspot as Lm850658, whereas the sequence identity of their 20K prophages is very low (21.3%). The 38K and 44K prophages are located in two other different hotspots and are conserved in low virulent strains M7, HCC23, and L99. In conclusion, the 20K and 38K prophages of L. monocytogenes serovar 4a strains Lm850658 and M7 are not related to virulence but contribute to genetic diversity.

• BMB Reports
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2010

The sterile alpha motif (SAM) is a putative protein interaction domain involved in a wide variety of biological processes. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel gene, SAMD4B, which encodes a putative protein of 694 amino acids with a SAM domain. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that SAMD4B is widely expressed in human embryonic and adult tissues. Transcriptional activity assays show SAMD4B suppresses transcriptional activity of L8G5-luciferase. Over-expression of SAMD4B in mammalian cells inhibited the transcriptional activities of activator protein-1 (AP-1), p53 and p21, and the inhibitory effects can be relieved by siRNA. Deletion analysis indicates that the SAM domain is the main region for transcriptional suppression. The results suggest that SAMD4B is a widely expressed gene involved in AP-1-, p53- and p21-mediated transcriptional signaling activity.

• BMB Reports
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.584-589
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• 2018

Secondary prevention via earlier detection would afford the greatest chance for a cure in premalignant lesions. We investigated the exomic profiles of non-malignant and malignant changes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and the genomic blueprint of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven carcinogenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whole-exome (WES) and whole-genome (WGS) sequencing were performed on peripheral blood and adjacent non-tumor and tumor specimens obtained from eight Korean HNSCC patients from 2013 to 2015. Next-generation sequencing yielded an average coverage of $94.3{\times}$ for WES and $35.3{\times}$ for WGS. In comparative genomic analysis of non-tumor and tumor tissue pairs, we were unable to identify common cancer-associated early mutations and copy number alterations (CNA) except in one pair. Interestingly, in this case, we observed that non-tumor tonsillar crypts adjacent to HPV-positive OPSCC appeared normal under a microscope; however, this tissue also showed weak p16 expression. WGS revealed the infection and integration of high-risk type HPV16 in this tissue as well as in the matched tumor. Furthermore, WES identified shared and tumor-specific genomic alterations for this pair. Clonal analysis enabled us to infer the process by which this transitional crypt epithelium (TrCE) evolved into a tumor; this evolution was accompanied by the subsequent accumulation of genomic alterations, including an ERBB3 mutation and large-scale CNAs, such as 3q27-qter amplification and 9p deletion. We suggest that HPV16-driven OPSCC carcinogenesis is a stepwise evolutionary process that is consistent with a multistep carcinogenesis model. Our results highlight the carcinogenic changes driven by HPV16 infection and provide a basis for the secondary prevention of OPSCC.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.616-627
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the cytogenetic hazard among hospital workers potentially exposed to low dose of radiation, the analysis of chromosome aberrations(CA) and sister chromatid exchanges(SCE) in lymphocytes were performed in 79 hospital workers and 79 non-exposed workers. The mean frequency of chromosomal exchange and deletion(respectively, $0.20\times10^{-2}/cell\;and\;0.39\times10^{-2}/cell$) in the exposed group were significantly higher than those$(0.07\times10^{-2}/cell\;and\;0.23\times10^{-2}/cell)$ in control group. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was 5.04/cell in the control vs. 6.57/cell in the exposed group. There were also significant differences in the mean frequencies of CA and SCE adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking between two groups. There were no evidence of significant increase of CA and SCE according to the department or duration of employment. But the frequency of cells having chromosome aberration was significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group related to duration of employment. There was no dose-effect relationship between the cumulative doses and the frequency of CA and SCE. But in the case of last 1 yr cumulative dose, there were evidence of significant dose-dependant increase of chromosome type CA and percentage of cells with aberration. The result suggest that there is cytogenetic hazard in risk group like hospital workers handling low dose radiation. And the analysis CA and SCE are useful biological indicators for the exposure of low dose level of radiation.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.99-103
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the frequency and echocardiographic findings of 22q11.2 deletions in fetuses with cardiac defects on fetal ultrasound or familial backgrounds of 22q11.2 deletions. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and ultrasonographic records of 170 fetuses that underwent fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for chromosome 22q11.2 deletions between February 2001 and April 2013. Results: Among 145 fetuses with cardiac defects, six (4.1%) had 22q11.2 deletions. Deletions of 22q11.2 were detected in 6 (5%) of the 120 fetuses with conotruncal defects: 5 (8.9%) of 56 with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and 1 (5.9%) of 17 with double outlet right ventricle (DORV). No deletions were found in cases of pulmonary atresia, truncus arteriosus, right aortic arch, or transposition of the great arteries. No 22q11.2 deletions were found in non-conotruncal cardiac malformations. Among 25 fetuses with familial backgrounds of 22q11.2 deletions, one (4%) had a maternally inherited 22q11.2 deletion with no cardiac findings. Conclusion: Knowledge of the frequency and echocardiographic findings of 22q11.2 deletions might be helpful for prenatal genetic counseling. It is advisable to perform FISH analysis for 22q11.2 deletions in pregnancies exhibiting conotruncal cardiac defects such as TOF or DORV.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

일반 출판물과는 달리 문서 편집기를 사용하여 작성중에 있는 문서에는 사용자의 실수에 의한 오타 오류가 자주 발생한다. 이와 같은 온라인 문서에서 맞춤법 오류의 다수를 차지하는 사용자의 오타 오류는 대부분 자판을 입력할 때 주위 문자를 잘못 입력하는 경우이다. 통상적인 철자 검사기는 이러한 오류들을 형태소 분석기를 이용하여 검출하고 교정하게 된다. 즉, 입력된 어절에 대해 형태소 분석을 시도하고 분석되지 않은 어절을 철자 오류로 간주하게 된다. 그러나 오타 입력된 어절임에도 불구하고 형태소 분석에 성공한 경우에는 이와 같은 방법으로는 검출이 불가능하다. 본 논문에서는 기존 방법들이 검출하지 못했던 철자 오류들을 검출해 낼 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. 이 방법은 문서 작성자의 오타 입력은 반복하여 입력되지 않는 경향이 있으므로 저빈도로 발생한다는 특성에 기반하여 제안되었다. 저빈도의 어절의 자소 대치를 통해 문서의 특정 구간 내의 다른 단어와 비교하여 오타일 확률이 적은 단어인 자주 나오는 단어와 매칭이 된다면 일단 오류 후보로 가정하는 것이다. 여기에는 몇 가지 경험적인 제약이 추가되어야 한다. 이러한 단어간 비교에 의한 추정은 기존에 발견하지 못했던 구문오류뿐만 아니라 일부 의미오류까지 검출할 수 있으며, 교정 후보 선정시 가중치 적용에도 사용될 수 있다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1999-2006
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• 2016

Background: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is characterized by the reciprocal translocation t(15;17) (p22;p12) resulting in the PML-$RAR{\alpha}$ fusion gene. A dual diagnostic and follow up approach was applied including cytogenetic demonstration of the t(15;17) translocation and detection dg PML-$RAR{\alpha}$ chimeric transcripts by molecular means. Purpose: Conventional cytogenetics involving bone marrow is beset with high probability of poor metaphase index and was substituted with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced peripheral blood culture based cytogenetic analysis as a diagnostic & follow up modality in APML patients of Kashmir (North India). Both qualitative (RT-PCR) and quantitative (Q-PCR) tests were simultaneously carried out to authenticte the modified cytogenetics. Materials and Method: Patient samples were subjected to the said techniques to establish their baseline as well as follow-up status. Results: Initial cytogenetics revealed 30 patients (81%) Positive for t(15;17) whereas 7 (19%) had either cryptic translocation or were negative for t(15;17). Two cases had chromosome 16q deletion and no hallmark translocation t(15;17). Q-PCR status for PML-$RAR{\alpha}$ was found to be positive for all patients. All the APML patients were reassessed at the end of consolidation phase and during maintenance phase of chemotherapy where 6 patients had molecular relapse, wherein 4 also demonstrated cytogenetic relapse. Conclusions: It was found that PHA-induced peripheral blood cytogenetics along with molecular analysis could prove a reliable modality in the diagnosis and assessment of follow up response of APML patients.