• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2012

Objectives: To estimate the multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial contaminant load discharged from livestock farms, we randomly selected livestock farms specializing in cattle, swine, and fowl and collected bacterial strains from domesticated animal feces and compost samples. Problems with resistance to antibiotics are becoming worldwide issues, and as the consumption of antibiotics appears to be excessive in Korea as well, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria shows the possibility to cause potentially serious social problems. Methods: To monitor multi-antibiotic resistant bacterial constituents, aerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli were isolated from domesticated animal feces and compost. Antibiotic resistance testing was performed by the disc diffusion method using 13 different antibiotics. Results: Examining the degree of sensitivity to antibiotics of the aerobic bacteria originating from domesticated animal feces, fowl feces showed the highest distribution rate (35.5%), followed by swine feces compost (23.1%), swine feces (18.2%), cattle feces (14.9%), and cattle feces compost (8.2%). Antibiotic resistance tests of aerobic bacteria and E. coli originating from domestic animals feces resulted in 83.6% and 73.5% of each strain showing resistance to more than one antibiotic, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that increasing multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the environment has a close relation to the reckless use of antibiotics in livestock.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2008

Level and distribution of genetic diversity in seven populations of Albizia lucida Benth. in eastern region of the Indian sub-continent were estimated using ISSR markers. Relatively higher level of genetic diversity within populations was observed in seven populations of A. lucida (mean of 0.38). From the result of AMOVA, majority of genetic diversity was allocated within populations (96.2%) resulting in a moderate degree of population differentiation. The observed distribution pattern of I-SSR variant among the populations was coincided with the typical pattern of long-lived woody tree species. Genetic relationships among the populations, reconstructed by UPGMA method, revealed two genetic groups. The population of Anugul and Bargarh turned out to be the most closely related despite a distance location between them. These formations will be of great value in the development of conservation plans for species exhibiting high levels of genetic differentiation due to fragmentation, such as indication of conservation unit size, which populations should be chosen as priority in conservation plans and which samples should be introduced in areas with a low number of individuals of A. lucida.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.16-21
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• 2003

The very large container ships have been built recently and those ships have very small structural rigidity compared with the other conventional ships. As a result, the destruction of ship hull is occurred by the springing including to warping phenomena due to encounter waves. In this study, the solutions of hydrodynamic coefficients are obtained by solving the three dimensional source distribution method and the forward speed Green function representing a translating and pulsating source potential for infinite water depth is used to calculating the integral equation. The vessel is longitudinally divided into various sections and the added mass, wave damping and wave exciting forces of each section is calculated by integrating the dynamic pressures over the mean wetted section surface. The equations for six degree freedom of motions is obtained for each section in the frequency domain and stiffness matrix is calculated by Euler beam theory. The computations are carried out for very large ship and effects of bending and torsional ridigity on the wave frequency and angle are investigated.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.2
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• pp.133-167
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• 1998

This article discusses the findings of an empirical study conducted on 62 large organizations. The major purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship of Information System Resources distribution between the system plan control and system development and system operation. In this study information system resource is broadly Identified by computer hardware, software, data, procedure, operator. Because of the real centralization/decentralization issue facing organizations is much broader then the choice between alternative computer hardware configurations. And there are three separate resources of the information system that can be decentralized system plan and control, system development, system operations. The decision regarding how to organize each of these three separate resources is based on a different set of criteria. Furthermore, each decision can be made relatively independently of the others. In this article the results of a study are indicated below. In the degree of decentralization of information system resources between system plan control and system development and system operations were found the positive relationship. Therefore, the more information system resources are decentralized in the one dimension, the more information system resources are decentralized in the other dimensions, and the more information system resources are centralized in the one dimension, the more information system resources are centralized in the other dimensions.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.769-785
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• 2003

The regional distribution of the selling amount on the internet shopping is divided into urban areas and rural areas. In the urban areas, a large amount of selling and various commodity groups are purchased. In the rural areas, a small amount of selling simple clothing goods, home kitchen goods, and the others commodity groups are purchased. The regional distribution is considered dependent upon the size of population, the development degree of the education and service industry in the region, and the buying power of women in the 25 to 49 year group. This regional trend shows the difference of each population composition between urban and rural areas during the period of economic growth in our country affects internet shopping. Therefore consumer's limited purchase behavior is apparent in rural areas.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.748-766
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• 2013

In this paper, we consider an infrastructure-vehicle-vehicle (I2V2V) based Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), where one base station multicasts data to d vehicular users with the assistance of r vehicular users. A Distributed Luby Transform (DLT) codes based transmission scheme is proposed over lossy VANETs to reduce transmission latency. Furthermore, focusing on the degree distribution of DLT codes, a Modified Deconvolved Soliton Distribution (MDSD) is designed to further reduce the transmission latency and improve the transmission reliability. We investigate the network behavior of the transmission scheme with MDSD, called MDLT based scheme. Closed-form expressions of the transmission latency of the proposed schemes are derived. Performance simulation results show that DLT based scheme can reduce transmission latency significantly compared with traditional Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Luby Transform (LT) codes based schemes. In contrast to DLT based scheme, the MDLT based scheme can further reduce transmission latency and improve FER performance substantially, when both the source-to-relay and relay-to-sink channels are erasure channels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 1987

Effects of application time And rate of chlorine on the chlorine absorption and distribution at different stalk positions of the plants were Investigated in burley tobacco grown under the pot condition. Treatment consisted of 6 application times (from 2 weeks before transplanting to 8 weeks after transplanting with 2 weeks' interval) and 2 application rates (2g and 4g-KCl/pot) by 6X2 factorial experimental design. The tobacco plants took up the chlorine rapidly just after chlorine application, and the chlorine content of leaf was increased proportionally to the rate of chlorine application. The chlorine was accumulated when much in lower leaves when chlorine was applied early, while the chlorine accumulated much in upper leaves when chlorine was applied late. The chlorine content of leaf was negatively correlated to the degree of brightness, red color and yellow color of cured leaf. Significant Increases In cured leaf ratio, leaf thickness, leaf weight and weight Per unit leaf area of harvested leaf were obtained with increased chlorine application. When the chlorine was applied early, the leaf weight showed Increasing tendency.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.749-755
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• 2003

A development of micropores of $CO_2$activated isotropic carbon fibers from TEM was observed. It was observed that the micropores of activated carbon fibers(ACFs) were consisted of slit-shaped pores(SP) and cylinder-shaped pores(CP). The SPs were formed between two parallel-carbon layers, and the CPs were formed at a place which is connected polygonally by more than two carbon layers. It was shown that the CPs of the ACFs were developed at high degree of burn-offs and at high activation temperature. The pore size distribution of the best ACF, which was observed at a highest value of specific surface area(3,495 $\m^2$/g), showed a continuous distribution in the range of about $4∼l5\AA$, and the median pore size was 6.7$\AA$. The super-high specific surface area of ACFs was found to be due to that the SPs were connected with a maximum size of 7∼8$\AA$ continuously, It is possible that the SPs should be formed in the ACFs in order to show super-high SSA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.272-280
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• 1987

This research is intended to reveal the correlations between diabetes and dietary and other related factors. We were studied for 257 diabetics, in t도 9 general hospitals, located at Seoul, From August 109 to September 3, 1986. The result of this study can be follow ; 1) Distribution of the subjects according to their general characteristics ; The sex ration of the subjects is 1.06 ; 1.00 (male ; female), and the average age is 54.7 $\pm$10.9 years. Among the subjects 28.8% have a family history of diabetes ; the closer the genetic relationship, the more hereditory factors play a part. 2) Distribution of the scores according to their socioeconomic status ; As the socioeconomic status goes p, the intake of calories and fiber increases ; however, the frequency of eating out and the degree of physical activity decrease. 3) Relationship between obesity prevalence and each variable ; Among the subjects 27.2% are obese, and 60.3% have been obese in the past. Even though there is no significant relationship between the food habit and obesity, the number of people who are obese shows a significant increase as the socioeconomic status improves. 4) The effect of sex on each variable ; The intake of calories, sugar, alcohol and coffee is higher in male subjects, as is the frequency of eating out. In regular exercise and physical activity, there are significant differences between male and female subjects.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.181-194
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• 1995

Flocculation kinetics using ferric nitrate as a coagulant to coagulate kaolin clay in water was examined as a tool to investigate the effect of low temperature under tightly controlled treatment conditions. Both the particle size distribution data obtained from Automatic Image Analysis (AIA) system and the on-line measurement of the degree of turbidity fluctuation in a flowing suspension by Photometric Dispersion Analyzer (PDA) were used to measure flocculation kinetics. Results show that cold water temperature had a pronounced detrimental effect on flocculation kinetics. For improving flocculation kinetics at low water temperature, maintaining constant pOH to adjust water chemistry for temperature changes was found to be partially effective only in the more acidic pH range studied.