• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.204-208
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• 2012

Water repellency which affects infiltration, evaporation, erosion and other water transfer mechanisms through soil has been observed under several natural conditions. Water repellency is thought to be caused by hydrophobic organic compounds, which are present as coatings on soil particles or as an interstitial matter between soil particles. This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the water repellent soil and transport characteristics of trace elements within this soil. Capillary height of the water repellent soil was measured. Batch and column studies were accompanied to identify sorption and transport mechanism of trace elements such as $Cu^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$ and $Mo^{5+}$. Difference of sorption capacity between common and repellent soils was observed depended on the degree of repellency. In the column study, the desorption of trace elements and the spatial concentration distribution as a function of time were evaluated. The capillary height was in the repellency order of 0% > 15% > 40% > 70% > 100%. No water was absorbed in soil indicating >70% repellency. Using trace elements, $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mo^{5+}$ showed higher sorption capacity in the repellent soil than in non-repellent soil. The sorption performance of $Fe^{2+}$ was found to be in the repellency order of 40% > 15% > 0%. Our results found that transfer of $Mo^{5+}$ had similar sorption tendency in soils having 0%, 15% and 40% repellency at the beginning, however, the higher desorption capacity was observed as time passes in the repellent soil compared to in non-repellent soils.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2016

Temperature-dependent development and fecundity of apterious Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were examined at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and $35{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, RH 50-70%, 16L:8D). Development time of nymphs decreased with increasing temperature and ranged from 42.9 days at $10^{\circ}C$ to 4.7 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The nymphs did not develop until adult at $35^{\circ}C$ because the nymphs died during the 2nd instar. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant of nymph were estimated as $8.3^{\circ}C$ and 101.6 degree days, respectively. The relationships between development rates of nymph and temperatures were well described by the nonlinear model of Lactin 2. The distribution of development times of each stage was successfully fitted to the Weibull function. The longevity of apterious adults decreased with increasing temperature ranging from 24.0 days at $15^{\circ}C$ to 4.3 days at $30^{\circ}C$, with abnormally short longevity of 11.1 days at $10^{\circ}C$. R. padi showed the highest fecundity at $20^{\circ}C$ (38.2) and the lowest fecundity at $10^{\circ}C$ (3.9). In this study, we provided component sub-models for the oviposition model of R. padi: total fecundity, age-specific cumulative oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate as well as adult aging rate based on the adult physiological age.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

This study was conducted to develop temperature-driven models for a population model of turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi: nymphal development rate models and apterious adult's oviposition (larviparous) model. Nymphal development and the longevity and fecundity of adults were examined on cabbage at six constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, 16L:8D). L. erysimi nymphs did not survive at $10^{\circ}C$. Development time of nymphs increased with increasing temperature up to $30^{\circ}C$ and thereafter slightly decreased, ranging from 18.5 d at $15^{\circ}C$ to 5.9 d at $30^{\circ}C$. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were estimated as $7.9^{\circ}C$ and 126.3 degree days, respectively. The nonlinear model of Lactin 2 fitted well for the relationship between the development rate and temperature of small (1+2 instar), large (3+4 instar) and total nymph (all instars). The Weibull function provided a good fit for the distribution of development times of each stage. Temperature affected the longevity and fecundity of L. erysimi. Adult longevity decreased as the temperature increased and ranged from 24.4 d at $20^{\circ}C$ to 16.4 d at $30.0^{\circ}C$ with abnormal longevity 18.2 d at $15^{\circ}C$, which was used to estimate adult aging rate model for the calculation of adult physiological age. L. erysimi showed a maximum fecundity of 91.6 eggs per female at $20^{\circ}C$. In this study, we provided three temperature-dependent components for an oviposition model of L. erysimi: total fecundity, age-specific cumulative oviposition rate, and age-specific survival rate.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-75
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• 1985

Accepting the health as the fundamental human right, the nation and society came to admit the duty to give it to all the people. Korean government is expanding the Primary Health Care as one of the policies for developing the people's health by the lead of community. Like this current situation the School Health Service which is the center of community Health Service schould be active to keep, promote and maintain the health of students and teachers. This investigation was attempted to help to establish the basis of the Health Education Program which would perform the health education efficiently and bring the reforming of student's health control, by measuring the degree of junior high school student's practice concerning health care and con-firming the relationship of knowledge, concern and level of health. The subjects for this study were made up 296 boys at the third grade in a school, located in Seoul. The tool for this study was questionaire. Data were collected for five days, September 22∼26, 1983. The investigators explained the students how to answer the questions of the survey questionaire and then collected the survey cards immediately. The data were analyzed by means of percentages, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The results of this study are as follows. 1. The subjects' reaction to the practice concerning Health Care; According to the average proportion of practice concerning health care, subjects' practice in the aspect of Infectious Disease Care is the highest 82.4％ and they showed their practice in the aspect of the accident prevention by 77.5% and in the aspect of mental health by 74.8%. Their practice in the aspect of personal hygiene and daily lifehabit is the lowest 71.2%. 2. Health Knowledge; The whole mark distribution of health knowledge is ranged from the lowest 4 point to the highest, 30 point, therefore point range is 26.0. The Average point is 16.58. 11.2% of students solved more than two thirds of personal knowledge levels. 81.4% of students did more than one third of them. 7.415 of students did less than one third of them. 3. Health Concern; The Students of the average 3.99 point respond positively to the question about the health concern, ‘They think health is more important than money’, this is the highest rate. The students of the average 2.78 respond“when they are sick, they enter the appointed hospital where they own choose”, while it is the lowest. 4. Subjects' response to the health level are at follow: Very healthy 26.0%, healthy 47.0%, less healthy 10.5%, 34.9% of them have ever been sick within two weeks, the number of symptoms they reported amount to 114 and the number of cases poi one person is 0.35. 5. The hypotheses test about the practice concerning health care and the factor which effect on it. 1) The main first hypothesis:“The more knowledge of health the subjects have, the better they practice health care.”was accepted. (r=0.1582, p <0.05) 2) The minor first hypothesis:“The more interest in health subjects have, the better they practice”was accepted. (r=0.4354, p ＜0.001) 3) The minor second hypothesis;“The healthier subjects are, the better they practice health care”was accepted. (r=0.1069, p＜0.05) As other test, partical correlation test is performed in other refine whether health knowledge, a fact influencing the students practice concerning health care, is associated with the practice after controlling the third variables. First, after controlling health concern, the correlation of health knowledge and practice concerning health care was kept. (r=0.1347, p <0.005) Second, after controlling health level, the correlation of health knowledge and practice concerning health care was kept. (r=0.1526, p <0.005) And finally, after controlling economic state, the correlation of health knowledge and practice concern-ing health care was kept. (r=0.1413, p <0.05) Additionally Stepwise Multiple Regression between practice concerning health care and variables. 1.6591 of compliance was explained with the know-ledge (F=5.584, p <0.05), 20.0% of compliance was explained with the health concern added to knowledge. (F=63,213, p <0.005) As the above, health knowledge obviously have effects on the practice about the health care. But, contrary to researcher's expectation, health concern has more affects than health knowledge. Therefore, we must grope the plan to enhance health concern through the regular curriculum and systematic health education for students. Besides, we must study further on, to find the factors which have affect on the practice concerning health care.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.74-83
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• 2005

The Riparian Buffer Zone has many potential values including the preservation of water quality as well as being ecologically friendly. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the landscape structure index of the Riparian Buffer Zone in the Kyoung-an stream and to produce base information necessary for proper management. The study used aerial images that were applied to geometric corrections for a time series from 1966 to 2000 for land data and also used FRAGSTATS, which is a type of ARCVIEW extension module, as an analysis tool. An analysis of land use change and the Landscape Index revealed that the area of farm land has decreased and that the area of residential property has increased. In addition, there was a slight change for land used for purposes other than farming or for residence. The results of analyzing the Landscape Structure Index, revealed that the NP has increased from 437 in 1966 to 695 in 2000. This data reveals that the change of land use is influenced by various artificial factors. The NPS, which represents the declining degree of patch, decreased from 9.441 to 5.934, revealing that the change of land use has been progressing considerably. In regard to forest areas, land use reduced somewhat but did not indicate a significant change. Therefore, an analysis of the total index reveals that the edge of patch has become more complicated and that the variation index of patch has increased significantly. However, this study reveals that barriers to block pollution have weakened as a result and that there is a need to concentrate on the implementation and the management of the Riparian Buffer Zone. Consequently, this study reveals that substantial research is necessary in order to carry out the proper management of the Riparian Buffer Zone, especially in light of the distribution type of each patch and the change in conditions regarding them.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2000

This study was conducted to compare fractionations and availability of heavy metal in paddy soils near five abandoned mining areas. The sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate the heavy metals in soils into the designated from water $soluble(H_2O)$, $exchangeable(0.5M\;KNO_3)$, organically bound(0.5M NaOH), $oxide/carbonate(0.05M\;Na_2-EDTA)$, and $sulfide/residual(4M\;HNO_3)$. EDTA and $HNO_3$ extractable of Cd, Pb, and Zn, and NaOH and $HNO_3$, extractable of Cu were predominant chemical forms. The ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb were 25.1, 8.7, 4.0, and 0.4%, respectively. The ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable heavy metal were negatively correlated with soil pH, while $EDTA+HNO_3$ extractable heavy metal were positively correlated. The most consistent distribution patterns were found when the soil samples were grouped according to their total contents. Specially, the ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable heavy metal were higher as total contents of heavy metal were increased. The ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable heavy metal(Cd 1.06, Cu 0.15, Pb 0.01, and Zn 0.05%) were lower at the high soil pH than those(Cd 31.31, Cu 4.06, Pb 1.75, and Zn 10.16%) at the low level. Compared to other chemical forms, the degree of contribution for $KNO_3$ extractable form to the Cd uptake to brown rice was high, whereas that for EDTA and $HNO_3$ extractable forms were high to the Zn.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2011

Extra heavy oil reservoirs are distributed over the world but most of them is deposited in the northern part of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, in the area of 5,500 $km^2$, This region, which has been commonly called "the Orinoco Oil Belt", contains estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of original oil-in-place and 250 billion barrels of established reserves. The Venezuela extra heavy oil has an API gravity of less than 10 degree and in situ viscosity of 5,000 cP at reservoir condition. Although the presence of extra heavy oil in the Orinoco Oil Belt has been initially reported in the 1930's, the commercial development using in situ cold production started in the 1990's. The Orinoco heavy oil deposits are clustered into 4 development areas, Boyaco, Junin, Ayachoco, and Carabobo respectively, and they are subdivided into totally 31 production blocks. Nowadays, PDVSA (Petr$\'{o}$leos de Venzuela, S.A.) makes a development of each production block with the international oil companies from more than 20 countries forming a international joint-venture company. The Eastern Venezuela Basin, the Orinoco Oil Belt is included in, is one of the major oil-bearing sedimentary basins in Venezuela and is first formed as a passive margin basin by the Jurassic tectonic plate motion. The major source rock of heavy oil is the late Cretaceous calcareous shale in the central Eastern Venezuela Basin. Hydrocarbon materials migrated an average of 150 km up dip to the southern margin of the basin. During the migration, lighter fractions in the hydrocarbon were removed by biodegradation and the oil changed into heavy and/or extra heavy oil. Miocene Oficina Formation, the main extra heavy oil reservoir, is the unconsolidated sand and shale alternation formed in fluvial-estuarine environment and also has irregularly a large number of the Cenozoic faults induced by basin subsidence and tectonics. Because Oficina Formation has not only complex lithology distribution but also irregular geology structure, geological evolution and characteristics of the reservoirs have to be determined for economical production well design and effective oil recovery. This study introduces geological formation and evolution of the Venezuela extra heavy oil reservoirs and suggest their significant geological characteristics which are (1) thickness and geometry of reservoir pay sands, (2) continuity and thickness of mud beds, (3) geometry of faults, (4) depth and geothermal character of reservoir, (5) in-situ stress field of reservoir, and (6) chemical composition of extra heavy oil. Newly developed exploration techniques, such as 3-D seismic survey and LWD (logging while drilling), can be expected as powerful methods to recognize the geological reservoir characteristics in the Orinoco Oil Belt.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2015

Well-feathered (over 10 feathers) 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were planted at $3.0{\times}1.0m$ and trained to slender spindle with 2.5 m height or to tall spindle with 3.5 m height, and the vegetative growth, productivity, and fruit quality of two training systems were compared for 8 years. The canopy volume of the tall spindle trees surpassed that of the slender spindle trees 4 years after planting and was 25% larger than that of the slender spindle trees 5 years after planting. The accumulated yield over 8 years for the tall spindle system was 14% higher than that of the slender spindle system. Alternate bearing and incidence of marssonina blotch were observed in both treatments after 5 years of planting. There was often vegetative imbalance in the trees however, the degree of yield loss and vegetative imbalance of the tall spindle trees was lower than those of the slender spindle trees. Soluble solid content and fruit red color of the tall spindle trees were higher than that of the slender spindle trees in 5 year after planting, resulting from increased light penetration in the canopy due to even distribution of lateral branches and from fruit bearing in different height locations of the trees. In conclusion, increasing the tree height to about 3.5 m using slender spindle 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees planted with over 333 trees per 10a led to better light penetration, yield and fruit quality compared to a conventional wide training system with the slender spindle.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 1994

As a preliminary study about the reduction of the antigenicity of whey protein isolate(WPI) by treatment of chymotrypsin, trypsin, pancreatin, and protease from Aspergillus oryzae, the properties and antigenicities of whey protein hydrolysates(WPH) were investigated. When degrees of hydrolysis (DH) were measured by use of trinitrobenzensulfonic acid(TNBS), the DH of the WPH treated by pancreatin or protease from Aspergillus oryzae$(5.05{\sim}11.47)$ were much higher than those of the tryptic or chymotryptic WPH$(15.67{\sim}20.20)$. And the pretreatments of heat$(75^{\circ}C)$, 20 min and/or pepsin resulted in higher DH of WPH, generally. When the molecular distributions of the WPH were determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC), the ratios of polypeptides with molecular weight more than 10kDa ranged from 12% to 36%, and the average molecular weights and the average peptide lengths of the WPH were $4,252{\sim}9,132$ dalton and $38{\sim}83$ amino acids, respectively. And there was no bitter taste in all of the WPH. Results of SDS-PAGE showed that most of intact native proteins were eliminated by the enzymatic hydrolysis but there were a few bands of peptides larger than 14.2 kDa in some WPH. When antigenicity was assayed by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(cELISA), monovalent antigenicity of WPH to rabbit anti-WPI antiserum were lowered to $10^{-1.7}-10^{-4.9}$ times and less by the enzymatic hydrolysis. And the pretreatments of heat and pepsin resulted in the lowest antigenicicy within a group of enzymatic hydrolysis, especially in case of the pancreatic hydrolysate(PDP) whose antigenicity was found almost to be removed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to evaluate on agronomic traits of Korean local adlay (Coix lachryma L.) germplasm, 281 cultivars (lines). The largest collected cultivars was from Kyungsangbukdo (56 cultivars), and the next was in the order of Cheonlabukdo (48 cultivars), Kyungsangnamdo (44 cultivars), Kyunggido (39 cultivars) Chungcheongnamdo (23 cultivars), Kangwondo (23 cultivars), Cheonlanamdo (17 cultivars), and Chungcheongbukdo (16 cultivars) in distribution of collected region for 281 cultivars. In the growth stages, days to emergence from seeding were required $16.4{\pm}2.03$ days, days to heading from emergence was required $73.6{\pm}5.87$ days, days to ripening from heading was required $52.3{\pm}4.91$ days and cultivation period was required $142.5{\pm}5.87$ days. Culm length was $210.3{\pm}16.39$ cm, no. of tiller per plant was $10.4{\pm}2.13$, culm diameter was $11.7{\pm}1.09$ mm, fruiting position was $4.6{\pm}0.82$ node, no. of main culm node was $11.1{\pm}0.78$, degree of lodging was $5.3{\pm}3.42$ and severity of leaf blight was $56.1{\pm}0.78$ in the growth characteristics of the germplasm. In the yield of component, no. of grains per $m^2$ was $5,938{\pm}2,152$, percentage of ripening was $67.7{\pm}33.12$, 1,000 grains weight was $123.8{\pm}33.76$ g and grain weight was $473.0{\pm}207.90$ g. Grain weight was correlates significantly positively with no. of main culm node, percentage of ripening and no. of grains per $m^2$ among agronomic traits. Correlation coefficient between grain weight and 1,000 grain weight was positive, while grain weight and severity of leaf blight was significantly negative. Correlation coefficient between grain weight and days to ripening from heading was significant negatively.