• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 기존의 저자 등에 의해 수행된 유연도법에 근거한 보-기둥 섬유요소에 수치해석적 방법으로부터 전단변형 효과를 고려할 수 있도록 수정된 정식화 방안과 단면에 대한 비탄성 전단응답 이력 구성관계식을 새로이 제안함으로써 전단 및 휨 - 전단파괴 양상을 나타내는 철근콘크리트 보에 대한 합리적인 해석적 방안을 마련하는 것을 목표로 한다. 주요 실험변수들이 전단거동 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 모두 종방향 철근의 항복전에 전단파괴가 일어나도록 설계된 총 6개의 철근콘크리트 보 실험체를 검증 대상으로 저자 등에 의해 새로이 수정된 구성관계식을 적용한 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램(RCAHEST)을 통한 해석을 수행하였다. 모든 실험체에 대한 파괴모드와 파괴시까지의 전반적인 거동 특성을 비교적 적절히 예측하고 있음을 확인하였으며 이러한 연구결과들은 향후, 대형화 복잡화 되어가고 있는 전체 구조물에 대한 신뢰도 높은 해석을 수행하기 3차원 해석에도 충분히 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.1274-1279
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to present the manufacturing defect and damage pattern of a 3 phase 22.9/3.3kV oil immersed transformer, as well as to present an objective basis for the prevention of a similar accident and to secure data for the settlement of PL related disputes. It was found that in order to prevent the occurrence of accidents to transformers, insulating oil analysis, thermal image measurement, and corona discharge diagnosis, etc., were performed by establishing relevant regulation. The result of analysis performed on the external appearance of a transformer to which an accident occurred, the internal insulation resistance and protection system, etc., showed that most of the analysis items were judged to be acceptable. However, it was found that the insulation characteristics between the primary winding and the enclosure, those between the ground and the secondary winding, and those between the primary and secondary windings were inappropriate due to an insulating oil leak caused by damage to the pressure relief valve. From the analysis of the acidity values measured over the past 5 years, it is thought that an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) caused an increase in the temperature inside the transformer and the increase in the ethylene gas increased the possibility of ignition. Even though 17 years have passed since the transformer was installed, it was found that the system's design, manufacture, maintenance and management have been performed well and the insulating paper was in good condition, and that there was no trace of public access or vandalism. However, in the case of transformers to which accidents have occurred, a melted area between the upper and the intermediate bobbins of the W-phase secondary winding as well as between its intermediate and lower bobbins. It can be seen that a V-pattern was formed at the carbonized area of the transformer and that the depth of the carbonization is deeper at the upper side than the lower side. In addition, it was found that physical bending and deformation occurred inside the secondary winding due to non-uniform pressure while performing transformer winding work. Therefore, since it is obvious that the accident occurred due to a manufacturing defect (winding work defect), it is thought that the manufacturer of the transformer is responsible for the accident and that it is lawful for the manufacture to investigate and prove the concrete cause of the accident according to the Product Liability Law (PLL).

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.892-899
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• 2002

콘크리트 휨 부재의 내하능력을 개선하는 방법들 중에서, 최근에 와서, 기존의 철근콘크리트 부재에서 사용하는 철근을 대신하여 섬유보강폴리머(FRP) 복합재료 층으로 보강한 콘크리트 부재에 관한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 휨을 받는 원형단면 FRP 콘크리트 부재의 거동을 예측하기 위한 해석모델에 중점을 두고 있다. FRP층과 내부에 충진된 콘크리트로 이루어진 부재의 응력 및 변형을 예측하기 위하여 층분할 단면해석 모델이 제시되었다. 콘크리트의 압축거동이 횡방향 팽창에 의존한다는 가정과 다축 압축 응력상태의 구성관계에 기초하여 FRP 층으로 둘러 쌓인 콘크리트의 응력변형률 관계를 정식화하였다. 고전적 적층이론에서, FRP 층의 거동은 2차원 적층의 면내거동의 응력-변형률 관계에 기초한 등 가직교재료특성에 기초하여 정식화하였다. 소개된 해석모델의 검증을 위하여 원형단면 FRP 콘크리트 휨 부재의 4점 실험과 비교한 결과, 본 모델은 부재의 모멘트-곡률 관계, 단면에서의 축방향 변형률뿐만 아니라 횡방향 변형률, 그리고 FRP 층으로 인한 콘크리트의 구속효과의 증진에 관한 거동 특성들을 잘 예측해 주었다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2010

본 연구는 선형 상보법으로 초고강도 섬유보강 콘크리트 I형보의 파괴역학적 해석을 수치해석으로 수행하였다. 기존의 보통강도 콘크리트에 대한 유사 취성 파괴역학적 수치해석을 기반으로 초고강도 섬유보강 콘크리트 재료역학적 구성모델파괴 면에 인장경화 관계를 도입함으로써 초고강도 섬유보강 콘크리트 I형 거더 해석을 개선시켰다. 상수변형률 삼각형 요소에 꼭지점 또는 요소의 중앙점 절점을 배제하고 요소의 변에 절점을 배치한 결합된 삼각형 요소를 사용하였다. 인장영역에서는 경화/연화 파괴역학적 구성모델을, 전단영역에서는 연화 파괴역학적 구성모델을, 경계절점의 압축에 대해서는 연화파괴역학적 구성모델을 사용하여 파괴역학적 해석을 수행하였다. Non-holonomic rate 형태로 경로에 의존적인 경화연화거동을 LCP로 방정식을 구성하였으며, 그 해는 PATH를 사용해서 구하였다. Piece-wise 비탄성 항복-파괴면은 두 개의 압축 caps, 두 개의 Mohr-Coulomb 파괴면, 인장항복면과 인장파괴면 등으로 구성하였다. 초고강도 섬유보강 콘크리트 거더의 변형거동과 파괴 상태와 비교하여 이 수치해석 방법에 대한 유효성을 검증하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제73권2호
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• pp.191-207
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• 2020

This study aims at investigating the size-dependent free vibration of porous nanoplates when exposed to hygrothermal environment and rested on Kerr foundation. Based on the modified power-law model, material properties of porous functionally graded (FG) nanoplates are supposed to change continuously along the thickness direction. The generalized nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory incorporating three scale factors (i.e. lower- and higher-order nonlocal parameters, strain gradient length scale parameter), is employed to expand the assumption of second shear deformation theory (SSDT) for considering the small size effect on plates. The governing equations are obtained based on Hamilton's principle and then the equations are solved using an analytical method. The elastic Kerr foundation, as a highly effected foundation type, is adopted to capture the foundation effects. Three different patterns of porosity (namely, even, uneven and logarithmic-uneven porosities) are also considered to fill some gaps of porosity impact. A comparative study is given by using various structural models to show the effect of material composition, porosity distribution, temperature and moisture differences, size dependency and elastic Kerr foundation on the size-dependent free vibration of porous nanoplates. Results show a significant change in higher-order frequencies due to small scale parameters, which could be due to the size effect mechanisms. Furthermore, Porosities inside of the material properties often present a stiffness softening effect on the vibration frequency of FG nanoplates.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.671-685
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• 2020

This manuscript presents impacts of gradation of material functions and axial load functions on critical buckling loads and mode shapes of functionally graded (FG) thin and thick beams by using higher order shear deformation theory, for the first time. Volume fractions of metal and ceramic materials are assumed to be distributed through a beam thickness by both sigmoid law and symmetric power functions. Ceramic-metal-ceramic (CMC) and metal-ceramic-metal (MCM) symmetric distributions are proposed relative to mid-plane of the beam structure. The axial compressive load is depicted by constant, linear, and parabolic continuous functions through the axial direction. The equilibrium governing equations are derived by using Hamilton's principles. Numerical differential quadrature method (DQM) is developed to discretize the spatial domain and covert the governing variable coefficients differential equations and boundary conditions to system of algebraic equations. Algebraic equations are formed as a generalized matrix eigenvalue problem, that will be solved to get eigenvalues (buckling loads) and eigenvectors (mode shapes). The proposed model is verified with respectable published work. Numerical results depict influences of gradation function, gradation parameter, axial load function, slenderness ratio and boundary conditions on critical buckling loads and mode-shapes of FG beam structure. It is found that gradation types have different effects on the critical buckling. The proposed model can be effective in analysis and design of structure beam element subject to distributed axial compressive load, such as, spacecraft, nuclear structure, and naval structure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.569-587
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• 2014

Triaxial compression creep tests were performed on salt rock samples using cyclic confining pressure with a static axial pressure. The test results show that, up to a certain time, changes in the confining pressure have little influence on creep properties of salt rock, and the axial creep curve is smooth. After this point, the axial creep curve clearly fluctuates with the confining pressure, and is approximately a straight line both when the confining pressure decreases and when it increases within one cycle period. The slope of these lines differs: it is greater when the confining pressure decreases than when it increases. In accordance with rheology model theory, axial creep equations were deduced for Maxwell and Kelvin models under cyclic loading. These were combined to establish an axial creep equation for the Burgers model. We supposed that damage evolution follows an exponential law during creep process and replaced the apparent stress in creep equation for the Burgers model with the effective stress, the axial creep damage equation for the Burgers model was obtained. The model suitability was verified using creep test results for salt rock. The fitting curves are in excellent agreement with the test curves, so the proposed model can well reflect the creep behavior of salt rock under low-frequency cyclic loading. In particular, it reflects the fluctuations in creep deformation and creep rate as the confining pressure increasing and decreasing under different cycle periods.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.641-652
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 풍하중에 대한 기존 송전철탑의 좌굴 및 구조적 안전성을 평가하기 위해서 축소부분구조 실험을 수행하였다. 원 송전철탑에 작용하는 중력 및 풍하중을 재현하기 위해서 1/2크기의 상사법칙을 적용한 축소모델의 상부에 설치된 삼각형태의 지그를 이용하여 가력하는 방법을 고안하였다. 설계하중에 대한 실험체의 안정성을 평가하기 위해서 예비수치 해석을 수행한 결과, 계산된 주주재의 축력은 허용좌굴하중의 $80{\sim}90%$사이에 분포하고 있음을 확인하였다. 최대허용좌굴 하중의 270%까지 가력한 결과, 주주재의 면외거동을 구속하는데 취약한 절점에서 발생한 국부좌굴로 인하여 송전철탑이 파괴되었다. 하중-변위 곡선, 변위, 부재별 변형률을 검토한 결과, 이러한 국부좌굴의 발생은 동일한 단면내에서도 휨모멘트로 인해 항복응력에 도달하는 시간이 위치별로 다르기 때문에 변형의 불균형에 의해서 발생한 부가적인 편심에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2007

Precision injection molding process is of great importance since precision optical products such as CD, DVD and various lens are manufactured by those process. In such products, birefringence affects the optical performance while residual stress that determines the geometric precision level. Therefore, it is needed to study residual stress and birefringence that affect deformation and optical quality, respectively in precision optical product. In the present study, we tried to predict residual stress, final shrinkage and birefringence in injection molded parts in a systematic way, and compared numerical results with the corresponding experimental data. Residual stress and birefringence can be divided into two parts, namely flow induced and thermally induced portions. Flow induced birefringence is dominant during the flow, whereas thermally induced stress is much higher than flow induced one when amorphous polymer undergoes rapid cooling across the glass transition region. A numerical system that is able to predict birefringence, residual stress and final shrinkage in injection molding process has been developed using hybrid finite element-difference method for a general three dimensional thin part geometry. The present modeling attempts to integrate the analysis of the entire process consistently by assuming polymeric materials as nonlinear viscoelastic fluids above a no-flow temperature and as linear viscoelastic solids below the no-flow temperature, while calculating residual stress, shrinkage and birefringence accordingly. Thus, for flow induced ones, the Leonov model and stress-optical law are adopted, while the linear viscoelastic model, photoviscoelastic model and free volume theory taking into account the density relaxation phenomena are employed to predict thermally induced ones. Special cares are taken of the modeling of the lateral boundary condition which can consider product geometry, histories of pressure and residual stress. Deformations at and after ejection have been considered using thin shell viscoelastic finite element method. There were good correspondences between numerical results and experimental data if final shrinkage, residual stress and birefringence were compared.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

미소파괴음(Acoustic Emission, AE)과 미소지진음(Microseismic event, MS event)은 응력의 재분배에 의한 균열이 생성될 때 나오는, 순간적인 에너지 방출에 의한 탄성파이다. AE/MS 이벤트는 일반적으로 대규모의 파괴에 앞서 그 발생이 현저해지는 경향이 있다. 이들은 계측영역의 주파수 대역에 따라 구분되며, MS이벤트에 비해 상대적으로 고주파의 AE 신호는 보다 미세한 파괴를 검출할 수 있다. 일반적으로 암반구조물은 파괴되기까지 작은 변형이 발생하여 종래에 사용되고 있는 변위계측으로는 그 전조현상을 포착하기 어렵기 때문에 국부적인 파괴나 갑작스러운 파괴에 대한 사전예측이 어려운 현실이다. 그러나 AE/MS 이벤트의 파형을 측정할 수 있는 경우 암반구조물의 파괴를 사전에 예측할 수 있으며, 초동이 명확한 경우 미세한 파괴위치지점과 함께 파괴메커니즘의 규명도 가능하다. 본 보고에서는 AE/MS 이벤트에 대한 기본이론과 함께 이들 활용한 계측기술 개발현황과 적용사례 등을 소개한다.