• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify the major factors affecting performance of health promoting behavior and Pender's health promotion model was examined. The subjects were 508 workers employed in 4 manufacturing industries, data was collected from May 19th to 24th, 1997 using questionaires and it was used convenient sampling method. Data were analyzed by SPSS Win 6.1 program. The results of this study were as follows 1. The average score of health promoting behavior was 2.47. 2. The Health promoting behavior in the relationships between health promoting behavior and demographic factors, there is statistically significant difference in age(F=2.56, P=.0378), religion(F=6.34, P=.0001), working type(F=4.56, P=.0036)variables. 3. The performance score of health promoting behavior was statistically positively correlated with Definition of health(r=.2471. P=.000), Self-efficacy(r=.1385, P=.002), Internal health locus of control(r=.126, P=.000), External health locus of control(r=.2550, P=.000), Chance health locus of control(r=.3023, P=.000), but negatively with Perceived health status(r=-.2076, P=.000). 4. The major factors were Chance health locus of control. Definition of health, working hours, self-efficacy, External health locus of control. and explained for $39.58\%$ of Health promoting behavior performance score.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.141-189
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• 2014

As urbanization and its consequences become the issue of modern cities, the concept of Smart City comes as the solution. Though a lot of researches on the topic is done, still no clear definition is given for both: Smart City itself and the factors of a successful Smart City. While most of the literature centers the role of ICT it is not a sufficient condition for a city to become Smart; the role of intellectual capital is underestimated. Using a collection of Smart City definitions across the time and providing concrete cases, this research seeks to bridge definition gaps and creates a tool for understanding Smart Cities. Drawing on the findings of several case studies, this research derives several explanatory factors. The citizen's engagement and governance are identified as the two key success factors of Smart City Projects along with ICT and other factors as enablers. The research has purpose as follows: 1) To bridge definition gaps of the "Smart City" by defining the term "Smart City," based on existing concepts and characteristic mechanisms across times.; 2) To develop an analytical tool for Smart City success factors through Explanatory Variables.; and 3) To identify major challenges and barriers of Smart City Projects implementations and to provide recommendations and solutions, based on existing governmental initiatives and pilot projects. The research contributes to the knowledge of smart cities and ICT integration for urbanization issues solution. By applying the findings of this research at the managerial level stakeholders may benefit by getting higher efficiency of the Smart City Projects and by utilizing knowledge and values of a Smart City Projects in a prioritized way.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.79-102
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• 2010

Abalone is a primary commodity that is almost traded as live fishes. So the application of 'addition' is common in local transaction of abalone. Nevertheless, an excessive application of addition leads to some social problems. The abalone industry is one of the most rapidly growing industry in fisheries. This growth is caused by propagation of sea cage and mechanization of feeding. As a result, the abalone distributers are increased. However, the distributers have great bargaining power, so they sometimes claim excessive addition rates to aquacultural abalone producers. Difference in fitted level of the addition rates between distributers and producers cause some problems as an aversion to shipping of abalone. Also, the words about addition have not clear definition yet. So many related terminologies, for example, addition, deviation, and loss, those have different meaning are in used. And unfortunately many industry insiders use the words, 'addition', mixed with other related terminologies on transaction. The main objective of this study is to clearly define addition's meaning on the abalone transaction and to analyze the correlations between the addition and the abalone prices, outputs, and exports. Analysis results show addition negatively affects abalone prices and outputs. Furthermore, addition contributes to abalone exports negatively contrary to expectation. Such results can provide information that 'stabilization of supply and price of abalone' is realistically better method than 'increasing of additional rates' to expand abalone exports. Negative correlations between variables tell that a dictionary definition of addition, a free as seller's benevolence, is divorced from reality of abalone industry. Therefore "Loss", that means preservation in unintentional loss of abalone objects, is more suitable than "Addition" on abalone transaction.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2014

Recently, several studies pointed out that there are distinct two types of El Ni$\tilde{n}$o events based on the spatial pattern of SST. Since the two types of El Ni$\tilde{n}$o have different impacts on global climate, it is quite important to identify the type to assess and predict the regional climate variability. So far, however, there are still many different definitions to identify the two types of El Ni$\tilde{n}$o from the different studies. In this study, we investigated a sensitivity of the impacts on climate variability over the Korean Peninsula corresponding to the definition of two-types of El Ni$\tilde{n}$o. After checking pre-existing definitions and other possible definition, it is suggested here that two different definitions exhibit relatively strong relationship between El Ni$\tilde{n}$o events and the Korean climate variables when two types of El Ni$\tilde{n}$o are separated. In addition to the Korean climate, the two types of El Ni$\tilde{n}$o show quite distinct global teleconnection patterns when the definitions are used.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.18-31
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze literature related to nursing team effectiveness and to summarize the definition variables included, measurement tools, and findings. Basic data on operation and research for team effectiveness in nursing units was sought. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify all studies published between 2003 and 2016 from periodicals indexed in PUBMED, CINAHL, SCIENCE DIRECT, RISS, KISS, and NAL databases. The following keywords were used in the search: 'team effectiveness', 'nurse', 'nursing', and 'hospital'. Ten studies were analyzed. Results: The analysis included domestic and international literature on nursing team effectiveness. The foreign literature included studies of various organizations including nurses, use of various research tools, leadership programs and/or new nursing delivery systems. In the Korean studies, most of the research on team effectiveness surveyed nurses on team satisfaction, team commitment, and team performance in general nursing units, operating rooms, and intensive care units. Conclusion: The findings show the necessity to develop a definition of team effectiveness that can be accepted comprehensively in nursing organizations in Korea. The definition should reflect team effectiveness that includes all cooperating units not only nurses of the nursing unit but also all other related health care teams.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.17D no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2010

Recently, Enterprise Architecture (EA) has emerged as the important keyword in both private and public sectors. With this phenomenon, there are tremendous need for the measures of EA functions, one of the key EA research variables, to provide academic insights and accumulate research findings in this area. Thus far, multiple definitions and concepts for EA functions exist, causing confusion among observers. Thus, in order to clarify the conceptual meaning behind the term "functions of EA" once and for all, this study reviews previous literature and provides conceptual definition. Then, we identify 24 items and rigorously develop and validate the measurement instrument for EA functions, which results in five domains: Infrastructure Systemization, Integration Management, IT Governance Support, Development and Operation Management, and Investment Management.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.324-340
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• 1990

Support has always been considered an important nursing concept. However, there is no agreement among nurse researchers as to a conceptual definition of supportive nursing or meaningful supportive behaviors. Clarification of the concept, support in nursing, is necessary to promote communication among nurses on nursing behaviors that are effective in providing support and on understanding the relevant properties and charcteristics of the concept, supportive nursing care. The objectives of the study were : 1. to analyse the concept, support in nursing, in order to provide a definition of supportive nursing care, and 2. to operationalize the definition of supportive nursing care and use it as an experimental nursing intervention for patients with low back pain. The first part of the study used the concept analysis approach developed by Walker and Avant(1983) to define the concept of supportive nursing care. The properties of supportive nursing care, defined by this analysis, included perception of supportive need, reciprocal interaction(Transaction), listening, providing empathy and information related to health, and confirmation of the patient's verbal and non - verbal response. The second part, the experimental part of the study, was done using King's(1970) Interpersonal Theory for Nursing. The concept, supportive nursing care, as defined in the concept analysis was operationalized and used as the experimental intervention. The experiment tested the effectiveness of the independent variable, supportive nursing care on the dependent variables, depression, mood and patient satisfaction, in the patients with low back pain in army hospitals. The instruments used to measure the dependent variables were Zung's(1965) Self- Rating Depression Scale, Ryman and Colleagues'(1974) Mood Questionnaire and LaMonica and Colleagues'(1986) Patient Satisfaction Scale. The experimental design used for this study was a Solomon 4 group experimental design. This design has the strength of allowing for observation of the main effects of supportive nursing care and pretesting, and for observation of the interaction effects of pretesting and supportive nursing care. The design includes one experimental group and three control groups. The Subjects of this study were 150 young male patients with low back pain on Neuro - Surgical Wards in three general army hospitals. There were 35 in the experimental group, 39 in the pre - posttest control group, 36 in the treatment - posttest control group and 40 in the posttest only control group. Supportive nursing care, as operationalized by the researcher according to the concept analysis, was given to the patients in the experimental group and the treatment -posttest control group, individually for 30 minute sessions, every other day for 5 days. Data collection was done using a questionnaire. The data were collected in a pretest one week before the supportive nursing care sessions, a posttest immediately after the sessions and follow- up test one week later. Hypotheses testing was done using 2×2 factorial analysis of variance and Meta analysis(Stouffer's Z method). The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Hypothesis Ⅰ, “There will be a difference on depression level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝8.49, p＜.05). 2. Hypothesis Ⅱ, “There will be a difference on mood level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who to not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (Z meta＝2.17, p＜.05). 3. Hypothesis Ⅲ, “There will be a difference on satisfaction level between the patients with low back pain who receive supportive nursing care and those who do not receive supportive nursing care”, was supported (F＝13.67, p＜.05). 4. ANOVA, done to examine the interaction effect of history and maturation, showed no significant difference on the dependent variables between the observations of the pretest scores of the experimental group, the pretest scores of the pre- posttest control group and the posttest score of the posttest only control group. 5. To test for continuing effect of supportive nursing care, paired t-test was done to compare the scores for the dependent variables at the posttest and at the one week later follow-up test. No significant difference on the scores for the dependent variables was found between the posttest scores and the follow-up test scores for the two groups that received supportive nursing care, the experimental group and the treatment-posttest control group. In conclusion, it was found that in the case of young soldiers with low back pain in army hospitals, their depression level was decreased, their mood state was changed positively and their satisfaction level was increased by receiving supportive nursing care. Further, the effectiveness of the supportive nursing care lasted for at least one week in this study. The significance of this study to nursing is in the analysis of the concept of supportive nursing care and the demonstration of the effectiveness of supportive nursing care as an intervention within the limits of the study.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.187-205
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• 2012

In this study, 150 previous studies of young children's challenging behavior, conducted over the past 10 years, from 2003 to 2012, were selected. These studies were in relation to young children both with and without disabilities, and they were thus used for the purposes of comparative analysis. The major findings are as follows. First, research on challenging behavior not only of young children with disabilities but also of those without disabilities has been an increasing trend from 2008. While most studies of those without disabilities were based on observations by parents or teachers using a variety of tools, studies regarding those with disabilities mainly used single-subject research methods using an operational definition. Second, the bulk of the studies of young children without disabilities were focused on interaction between various children's internal variables and a variety of parent-related variables related to the occurrence of challenging behavior. In comparison, studies of young children with disabilities were focused excessively on direct intervention after the occurrence of problems. Regarding those without disabilities, the interaction between children's temperament, internal variables, and their mothers' parenting behavior, external variables were the main areas of interest for these researchers. There is clearly a growing need for more active research aimed at the prevention of challenging behavior. Challenging behavior in early childhood has an influence not only on each child's present and future academic achievement levels and their quality of life but also on the quality of instruction in classroom available to all children.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.112-134
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to analyze the community participation in regional health planning by using the operational definition of participation channels, and to find out the significant variables of community participation channel which are highly related to the scores of regional health plan. The channels we adopted for the study are recommended in the guidebook for regional health planning. They are performing residents' helath survey, submitting written agreement of publics, holding public hearings, putting publicnotice, conducting community health committee meeting, submitting opinion of chambers and Mayors, and operating task-force for planning. We analyzed the selected data of 8 community participation channels, which were submitted by 141 rural health centers for the pursuit of governmental subsidy in 1997. The major findings of this study are as follows; 1. In the process of regional health planning, 88.7% of rural community health centers have performed the residents' health survey, 14.9% submitted written agreement of publics, 11.3% held public hearings, 39.0% put public notice, 46.8% conducting community health committee meeting, 48.9% submitted opinion of chambers, 61.7% submitted opinion of Mayors and 25.5% operated task-force for planning. The result shows that most of community participation channels have been utilized at very low rates, except the residents' health survey. 2. We have analyzed the impact of these community participation channels on the regional health plan scores. In the multiple regression model, we set the regional health plan score as the dependent variable., and the use of participation channels as the idependent variables(1 if the channels are used, 0 otherwise). Finally, the regression analyses show that two channel variables, opinion of chambers and public notice, were the significant positive channel variables on the score of community health plan.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 2020

Understanding the concept of probability distribution becomes more important. We considered probabilities defined in the sample space, the definition of discrete random variables, the probability of defined discrete probability distribution, and the relationship between them as knowledge of discrete probability distribution, and investigated the understanding degree of the mathematics preservice teachers. The results are as follows. Firstly, about 70% of preservice teachers who participated in this study expressed discrete probability distribution graphs in ordered pairs or continuous distribution. Secondly, with regard to the two factors for obtaining discrete probability distributions: probability for each element in the sample space and the concept of random variables that convert each element in the sample space into a real value, only 13% of the preservice teachers understood and addressed both factors. Thirdly, 39% of the preservice teachers correctly responded to whether different probability distributions can be defined for one sample space. Fourthly, when the probability of each fundamental event was determined to obtain the probability distribution of the discrete random variables defined in the undefined sample space, approximately 70% habitually calculated by the uniform probability. Finally, about 20% of preservice teachers understood the meaning and relationship of binomial distribution, discrete random variables, and sample space. In relation, clear definitions and full explanations of concept need to be provided from textbooks and a program to improve the understanding of preservice teachers need to be developed.