• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1319-1324
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare the effectiveness of different indicators of mammary inflammation in buffalo and to evaluate the association of the indicators with buffalo milk yield, composition, and rennet coagulation properties. This study was carried out at four buffalo farms in central Italy using a total of 50 lactating buffalo. Milk from each buffalo was tested at the beginning, middle, and end of lactation. To evaluate the relationship between mastitis markers and milk components, three classes were defined for each of the following markers: total somatic cell count (TSCC), differential somatic cell count (DSCC), and bacteriological results The regression coefficient for the reference method and the alternative method of determining TSCC was 0.81, indicating that the method routinely used to analyze buffalo milk consistently underestimated actual TSCC. The milk samples positive for udder-specific bacteria also had higher TSCC values than the samples that were negative for bacteria ($872{\times}10^3$/ml vs. $191{\times}10^3$/ml). In samples that were positive for udder-specific bacteria, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) made up greater than 50% of the cells. Moreover, only 1% of the samples in the lowest TSCC class were positive for bacteria. The correlation between TSCC and PMN was stronger (0.70), and PMN values in buffalo milk increased significantly when the TSCC class changed from low (38%) to medium and high (56% and 64%). Milk yield was negatively related to TSCC. Significant changes in lactose (4.87%, 4.80% and 4.64%) and chloride content (0.650 mg/ml, 0.862 mg/ml and 0.882 mg/ml) were also observed with increasing TSCC values. Higher TSCC was associated with impaired rennet coagulation properties: the clotting time increased, while the curd firming time ($p{\leq}0.05$) and firmness decreased. We concluded that in buffalo as in dairy cows, TSCC is a valid indicator of udder inflammation; we also confirmed that a value of $ 200{\times}10^3 cells/ml should be used as the threshold value for early identification of an animal affected by subclinical mastitis. In addition to its association with significantly decreased milk yield, a TSCC value above this threshold value was associated with changes in milk composition and coagulating properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.470-475
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters that are to be used for across-herd genetic evaluations of seed stock pigs at GGP level. Performance data with pedigree information collected from swine breeder farms in Korea were provided by Korea Animal Improvement Association (AIAK). Performance data were composed of final body weights at test days and ultrasound measures of back fat thickness (BF), rib eye area (EMA) and retail cut percentage (RCP). Breeds of swine tested were Landrace, Yorkshire and Duroc. Days to 90 kg body weight (DAYS90) were estimated with linear function of age and ADG calculated from body weights at test days. Ultrasound measures were taken with A-mode ultrasound scanners by trained technicians. Number of performance records after censoring outliers and keeping records pigs only born from year 2000 were of 78,068 Duroc pigs, 101,821 Landrace pigs and 281,421 Yorkshire pigs. Models included contemporary groups defined by the same herd and the same seasons of births of the same year, which was regarded as fixed along with the effect of sex for all traits and body weight at test day as a linear covariate for ultrasound measures. REML estimation was processed with REMLF90 program. Heritability estimates were 0.40, 0.32, 0.21 0.39 for DAYS90, ADG, BF, EMA, RCP, respectively for Duroc population. Respective heritability estimates for Landrace population were 0.43, 0.41, 0.22, and 0.43 and for Yorkshire population were 0.36, 0.38, 0.22, and 0.42. Genetic correlation coefficients of DAYS90 with BF, EMA, or RCP were estimated to be 0.00 to 0.09, -0.15 to -0.25, 0.22 to 0.28, respectively for three breeds populations. Genetic correlation coefficients estimated between BF and EMA was -0.33 to -0.39. Genetic correlation coefficient estimated between BF and RCP was high and negative (-0.78 to -0.85) but the environmental correlation coefficients between these two traits was medium and negative (near -0.35), which describes a highly correlated genetic response to selection on one or the other of these traits. Genetic Trends of all three breeds tend to be towards bigger EMA or greater RCP and shorter DAYS90 especially from generations born after year 2000.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.749-761
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• 2002

This study investigated the anthropometric and biochemical indices, and the health and nutritional factors influencing the two indices among 194 middle-aged and elderly subjects (108 middle-aged and 86 elderly) residing in a medium sized city for more than 10 years. In the examination of their dietary habits, 8.3% of the middle-aged subjects and 14.0% of the elderly subjects had two meals a day, and more female subjects had two meals per day. Of the subjects who ate meals at regular times, 75.0% were middle-aged and 79.1% were elderly, and the degree of irregularity of meals was greater for female subjects. The study of the dietary behavior of the subjects indicated that 71.3% and 66.3% of the middle-aged and elderly, respectively responded that the amount of food in each meal was sufficient. The subjects ate alone comprised 19.7% of the middle-aged females and 31.5% of the elderly females. The prevalence of smoking among the subjects was 28.1% for the middle-aged, 18.8% for the elderly male and 7.4% for the elderly females. The percentage of the subjects who drank alcohol was 34.4% of the middle-aged males and 13.2% of the middle-aged females. Slightly less than half of the subjects exercised more than once a week, with the male subjects showing a higher rate than the female subjects. The average body mass indices (BMI) were 24.5 and 24.6 for the middle-aged male and female, respectively, and 22.6 and 24.0 for the elderly male and female, respectively. BMI assessment showed that underweight subjects (BMI ＜ 20) comprised 3.7% of the middle-aged, 14.0% of the elderly, and that 40.7% of the middle-aged and 24.4% of the elderly were overweight (25 ＜ BMI ＜ 30) , and 0.9% of the middle-aged and 1.2% of the elderly were classified as obese (BMI $\geq$ 30) . A waist/hip ratio (WHR) greater than 0.8 was found in 89.5% of the middle-aged females and 90.7% of the elderly females, showing high abdominal fat deposition in the majority of females. The average systolic blood pressure of females was 121.1 $\pm$ 17.1 mmHg for the middle-aged and 129.6 $\pm$ 21.3 mmHg for the elderly subjects. The systolic blood pressures showed a significantly difference between the two age groups. Those defined as anemic subjects based on hemoglobin values comprised 13.0% of the middled-aged group and 16.3% of the elderly group. There was a tendency for higher fasting glucose levels among the elderly subjects. An increase in total plasma cholesterol levels with age was shown. The female subjects had higher cholesterol levels than the males'The study of the correlation between the daily habits and health status showed that the amount of food eaten at each meal, the frequency of eating out, and the use of dietary supplements appeared to influence BMI, WHR, the plasma triglyceride and plasma cholesterol levels; omitting one meal had a positive correlation with the systolic blood pressure and plasma cholesterol. These results suggest that desirable dietary habits and concerns for health are contributing factors for maintaining good health, as indicated by normal blood lipid levels.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.93-106
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• 2011

본 연구는 mesocosm의 정의, 규모, 연구사례, 국내 외 연구동향, mesocosm 조성 시 일반적인 문제점, 해결방안을 거론하고, 끝으로 향후 발전방향을 제시하였다. 지면의 제약 때문에 주로 연성저질생태계(soft-bottom ecosystem)를 위한 mesocosm의 조성에 관련된 내용에 중점을 두었다. Mesocosm이란 규모적인 측면에서 "중형(1~1000 $m^3$)규모이며, 외부에서 먹이 공급 없이 스스로 유지가 가능하며, 환경의 일부 조건을 인위적으로 조절 가능한 인공생태계"를 말한다. 이러한 연구는 1960년대 중반부터 해양/담수생태계, 특히 해양식물플랑크톤이 주 연구 대상이었으나, 점차 확대되어, 최근에는 독성학, 육수학, 환경학, 환경공학, 지구화학 등 다양한 분야에서 흔히 사용하는 도구가 되었다. 과학적인 도구의 하나로서 mesocosm은 기본적으로, 1. 재현성(replicability), 2. 반복성(repeatability), 그리고 3.생태학적 현실성(ecological realism or accuracy)이 구비되어야 한다. 여기에 구체적으로 필요한 규모(scaling), 퇴적물과 해수의 조성, 광량, 난류(亂流), 물 교환율, 포식자 등 기술적인 문제에 대한 해결책을 상세히 언급하였다. Mesocosm이라는 과학적인 도구의 미래 발전 방향은 1. 다양한 통계기법을 통한 객관성의 확보, 2. 수치모델분야와 상호 보완하여 "생태계의 살아 움직이는 모델"로서 보다 더 광범위한 적용이 될 것이다. 앞으로 독성물질에 대한 생태계의 반응 및 독성물질의 거동과 지구온난화에 대한 생태계 및 지구환경의 반응 등을 예측하는데 mesocosm은 매우 유용한 도구가 될 것으로 확신한다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.413-423
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• 1997

The importance of the kidney in the development of hypertension was first demonstrated by Goldblatt and his colleagues more than fifty years ago. Many hormones and other regulatory factors have been proposed to play a major role in the development of hypertension. Among these factors angiotensia II (ANG II) is closely involved in renal hypertension development since it directly regulates $Na^+$ reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. Thus the aim of the present study was to examine signaling pathways of low dose of ANC II on the $Na^+$ uptake of primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells (PTCs) in hormonally defined seum-free medium. The results were as follows: 1) $10^{-11}$ M ANG II has a significant stimulatory effect on growth as compared with control. Alkaline phosphatase exhibited significantly increased activity. However, leucine aminopeptidase and ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transpeptidase activity were not significant as compared with control. In contrast to $10^{-11}$ M ANG II stimulated $Na^+$ uptake $(108.03{\pm}2.16% of that of control)$, $10^{-9}$ M ANG II inhibited ($92.42{\mu}2.23%$ of that of control). The stimulatory effect of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake was amiloride-sensitive and inhibited by losartan (ANG II receptor subtype 1 antagonist) and not by PD123319 (ANG II receptor subtype 2 antagonist). 2) Pertussis toxin (PTX) alone inhibited $Na^+$ uptake by $85.52{\pm}3.52%$ of that of control. In addition, PTX pretreatment prevented the AMG II-induced stimulation of $Na^+$ uptake. 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP), forskolin, and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) alone inhibited $Na^+$ uptake by $88.79{\pm}2.56,\;80.63{\pm}4.38,\;and\;84.47{\pm}4.74%$ of that of control, respectively, and prevented the ANG II-induced stimulation of $Na^+$ uptake. However, $10^{-11}$ M ANG II did not stimulate cAMP production. 3) The addition of 12-O-te-tradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 0.01 ng/ml) to the PTCs produced significant increase in $Na^+$ uptake ($114.43{\pm}4.05%$ of that of control). When ANG II and TPA were added together to the PTCs, there was no additive effect on $Na^+$ uptake. Staurosporine alone had no effect on $Na^+$ uptake, but led to a complete inhibition of ANG II- or TPA-induced stimulation of Na'uptake. ANG II treatment resulted in a $111.83{\mu}4.51%$ increase in total protein kinase C (PKC) activity. In conclusion, the PTX-sensitive PKC pathway is the main signaling cascade involved in the stimulatory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake in the PTCs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.425-434
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• 1997

Many reports represent that angiotensin II (ANG II) caused a dose dependent biphasic effects on fluid transport in the proximal tubule. However, respective roles of different signaling pathways in mediating these effects remain unsettled. The aim of the present study was to examine signaling pathways at high doses of ANG II on the $Na^+$ uptake of primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells(PTCs) in hormonally defined serum-free medium. High concentrations of ANG II $(>10^{-9}\;M)$ inhibited $Na^+$ uptake and increased $[Ca^{2+}]_i\;level$ in the PTCs. However, low concentrations of $(<10^{-11}\;ANG\;II)$ stimulated $Na^+$ uptake and did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i\;level$. 8-(N, N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,3,5- trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), ethylene glycol-bis$({/beta}-amino\;ethyl ether)-N,N,N'$, N'-tetra acetic acid (EGTA), and nifedifine partially blocked the inhibitory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake. When ANG II and bradykinin (BK) were treated together, $Na^+$ uptake was further reduced $(88.47{\pm}1.98%\;of\;that\;of\;ANG\;II,\;81.85{\pm}1.84%\;of\;that\;of\;BK)$. In addition, W-7 and KN-62 blocked the ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake. Arachidonic acid reduced $Na^+$ uptake in a dose-dependent manner. When ANG II and arachidonic acid were treated together, inhibitory effects on $Na^+$ uptake significantly exhibited greater reduction than that of each group, respectively. When PTCs were treated by mepacrine $(10^{-6}\;M)$ and AACOCF3 $(10^{-5}\;M)$ for 1 hr before the addition of $(<10^{-9}\;ANG\;II)$, the inhibitory effect of ANG II was reversed. In addition, econazole $(>10^{-6}\;M)$ blocked ANG II-induced inhibition of $Na^+$ uptake. In conclusion, the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ (calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase) and phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ metabolites are involved in the inhibitory effects of ANG II on $Na^+$ uptake in the PTCs.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2011

Korea introduced the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem for minimizing damage of ecosystem due to development projects and their effects and for preparing resources for natural environment conservation projects. Advanced countries have made efforts by expanding investment in natural environment conservation and restoring projects to promote prevention of global warming and improvement of biological diversity, are establishing nationwide strategies and plans. To examine the reality of projects by returns of the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem, microsite projects in schools and public facilities take the largest share while their project budgets are only about 100~300 KRW, relatively small, which might be attributable to budget restrictions in accordance with the calculating method of levying cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem and problems of project proceeding in the system of returning fund for projects in general. The conclusion which this study suggests on invigoration of cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem and its operation are as followings. First, although the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem has been introduced in 2001, the amount of imposition per unit area remains unchanged. It is desirable to increase the amount into $1,400KRW/m^2$ as of August, 2011 as the price index has been continuously rising for the past 10 years and the upward adjustment of imposition per unit area should be notified by the decree of the Ministry of Environment every January. Second, the ceiling amount of the cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem should be abolished. Now the ceiling amount is defined as 1 billion KRW but it was found that there was not any ceiling amount specified according to the comparative analysis of similar systems with the Korean environmental improvement fund. The ceiling should be abolished so that medium level businesses are carried out and ecosystem recovering projects in the true sense of the word can be made smoothly. Third, weight should be introduced in calculating amounts in accordance with ecologic and economic values. Harmony between development and environment can be achieved by applying differentiated weights of constant regional coefficient by use zone and ecologic and economic values. Continuous efforts of improving cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem should be made more than anything else so that projects by returns of cooperation charge on conservation of ecosystem get effectiveness.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2005

Paenibacillus macerans 유래의 cycloinulooligosaccharide fructanotransferase (CFTase) 유전자(cft)를 Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEY2102에 발현시키기 위해 대장균과 효모의 shuttle vector인 pYES2.0에 subcloning 하였다. 구축된 pYGECFTN (8.6 kb) plasmid를 S. cerevisiae SEY2102에 형질전환하였고, uracil이 결핍된 SD 배지에서 선별하였다. cft 유전자는 선별된 형질전환체(S. cerevisiae SEY2102/pYCECFTN)에서 GAL1 promoter 조절하에 성공적으로 발현되어 cyclofructan(CF)을 생성함을 TLC로 확인하였다. 그러나, 균체 외로의 효소 분비는 이루어지지 않았고 cytoplasm보다 periplasmic space에 많이 존재하였다 S. cerevisiae에서 발현된 P. polymyxa유래 CFTase보다 P. macerans 유래 CFTase의 CF 생성이 image analyzer로 확인한 결과, 더 많음을 알 수 있었다. 효소반응 5분째부터 CF가 생성됨을 확인하였고, 최적온도와 최적 pH는 각각 $45^{\circ}C$와 pH 8.0로 나타났으며, $55^{\circ}C$까지 효소활성이 안정적으로 유지되었다. Dahlia tubers, chicory root, Jerusalem artichoke 등의 inulin 기질에 따른 반응산물 분석 결과, 모든 기질로부터 CF가 생산되었으며, dahlia tubers와 Jerusalem artichoke로부터 가장 효과적으로 생성되었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 1993

최근 합성계면활성제의 사용 증가에 따른 수질오염의 우려로 인하여 천연 유지비누의 사용이 증가되고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 하천의 자정용량을 초과하는 오염물질의 유입이 수질 오염을 유발하는 원인이 되므로 과도한 사용량의 증가 역시 환경에 부하를 준다. 현재까지 비누 지방산의 생분해 측정방법이 공정화되어 있지 않아 비누에 의한 수질오염도를 파악하기 어려웠다. 따라서 본 연구에서 새로이 측정방법을 고안하였고 환경 중 비누의 생분해도를 측정, 평가하였다. 본 연구의 내용 및 결과는 다음과 같다. 비누 중의 지방산염들은 비극성, 비양자성 용매하에서 crown ether를 촉매로 하여 p-BPB(p-bromophenacyl bromide)와 고체-액체 상전이 반응으로 유도체화시켰고 역상 고성능 액체크로마토그래피에 의해서 분리시켰다. 검출한계는 탄소사슬 길이에 따라 대략 10~50ng이었고, EDTA 첨가에 의한 유도체화 반응은 칼슘염 뿐만 아니라 다른 금속염에도 적용시킬 수 있었다. Yeast extract 존재 유무에 따라 지방산 유도체화 반응의 회수율은 각각 $95.4{\pm}1.2$,$85.2{\pm}2.4%$였다. 본 분석법은 진탕배양법과 같은 인위적인 조건 뿐만 아니라 자연계에 존재하는 지방산염의 생분해도 측정에 적용하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.438-445
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• 2015

L. plantarum K154 고정화와 C. lacerata 균사체 배양물을 이용한 혼합발효를 통해서 다당류, ${\beta}$-glucan과 같은 생리활성물질과 기능성 GABA 생산을 최적화 하고자 하였다. C. lacerata 균사체의 최적 배양 조건으로 glucose 3%, soybean flour 3%, $MgSO_4$ 0.15%를 혼합하여 배지로 사용하였고, 5 L jar fermentor를 이용하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 진탕 배양하였다. 배양물은 균사체 함량 29.7 g/L, 다당류 함량 3.1 g/L, ${\beta}$-glucan 2% (w/w), protease 활성 68.96 unit/mL, ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성 10.37 unit/mL로 매우 높게 나타났다. C. lacerata 균사체 배양물을 이용하여 젖산세균 고정화에 의한 혼합발효물의 생균수를 측정한 결과, 배양 1일 째 비드 내에서 젖산세균의 수는 $3.13{\time}10^9CFU/mL$로 높게 나타났고, 배지에 유리된 젖산세균의 수는 배양기간 동안 $1.48{\time}10^8CFU/mL$로 유지하였다. 알지네이트 1.5%를 사용하여 비드를 제조하였을 때, GABA 함량을 측정한 결과 배양 7일 째 비드 내에서 6.30 mg/mL, 배지에서 9.96 mg/mL로 높게 나타났다. 젖산세균 고정화의 재사용 가능성을 확인하기 위해 고정화 비드를 5회간 재사용하여 $30^{\circ}C$에서 15일간 혼합발효한 결과, GABA 생산이 급격히 증가하여 배양 기간 동안 유지하였다. 결론적으로 C. lacerata 균사체 배양물로부터 고정화된 젖산세균을 이용한 혼합발효는 고농도 GABA를 포함된 기능성 소재를 생산할 수 있었으며, 이는 식품 및 생물 산업의 원료로 활용이 기대된다.