• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.200-206
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• 2008

Objective : To establish a standard for discriminating between deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome and selecting reinforcing or reducing method. Methods :Deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome were divided into excess of pathogenic factor with sufficiency of vital energy syndrome, weakness of pathogenic factor with deficiency of vital energy syndrome and excess of pathogenic factor with deficiency of vital energy syndrome. Documentary survey was done for each case. Results : Excess of pathogenic factor with sufficiency of vital energy syndrome is an excess syndrome and a reducing method must be used. Weakness of pathogenic factor with deficiency of vital energy syndrome is a deficiency syndrome and a reinforcing method must be used. Excess of pathogenic factor with deficiency of vital energy syndrome is related to deficiency syndrome and a reinforcing method must mainly be used. Conclusions :Deficiency or sufficiency of vital energy is the standard for discriminating between deficiency syndrome and excess syndrome and selecting a reinforcing or reducing method.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.534-539
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• 2009

Deficiency and excess pattern differentiation is unique characteristic of traditional oriental medicine on diagnosis and treatment. This differentiation is accomplished through pulse, tongue diagnosis and question examination, but most of these processes need to be objectified for efficacious treatment and traditional medicine development. In this study, we developed the deficiency and excess pattern questionnaire for objectification of question examination. The deficiency and excess pattern questionnaire was made out through The Traditional Oriental Medical Literature with Delphi Technique. Patients who visited oriental medical hospital filled out the questionnaire by themselves. Diagnosis of deficiency and excess pattern are conducted separately by oriental medical doctors with more than 5 years' clinical experience. Various physical condition factors were derived for the deficiency and excess pattern questionnaire. (Ordinary health degree, pain pattern, fatigue, weight change, sweating, uncomfortable awareness on chest and abdomen) Deficiency symptoms group acquired internal consistency, but excess symptoms group did not. (Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ > 0.6) There were significant associations between doctor's diagnosis and deficiency and excess symptoms in 'ordinary heath degree', 'voice weakening', and 'chest distress' (p-value < 0.1) There were significant differences between deficiency and excess syndrome patients groups in deficiency questionnaire score but there were no significant differences between deficiency and excess syndrome patients groups in excess questionnaire score. We acquired the internal consistency and significant result of deficiency pattern questionnaire, but we can find out some difficulties in development of the excess pattern questionnaire. These difficulties are associated with insufficiency description of traditional literature and small number of patients diagnosed as excess pattern.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2012

Purpose: Dysmenorrhea mostly depends on the causative factor, which usually falls under the categories of Deficiency and Excess pattern in traditional Oriental medical theories and diagnosis. Thus, we investigated menstruation symptom and sign related to dysmenorrhea and verified the validity of Deficiency and Excess pattern identification. Methods: We investigated menstruation symptom and sign related to dysmenorrhea in total 14 gynecology-medical books including the book ${\ll}$Exemplar Of Korean Medicine (Dongui Bogam)${\gg}$ and whole body symptom and sign identifying Deficiency and Excess pattern at the same time. A survey based on this investigation was carried out targeting women of childbearing age. Results: Total of 14 gynecology-medical books have mostly narrated pre-menstrual and mid & post-menstrual pelvic pain depending on the time of its manifestation for identifying Deficiency and Excess pattern. Dysmenorrhea in pre-menstrual period belonged to Excess pattern and dysmenorrhea in mid & post-menstrual period belonged to Deficiency pattern. Among a total of 343 women, 196 subjects suffered from dysmenorrhea. The number of dysmenorrhea in pre-menstrual period (Excess pattern) was 116 people and in mid & post-menstrual period (Deficiency pattern) was 80 people. Deficiency and Excess pattern of dysmenorrhea in menstrual period significantly correlated to Deficiency and Excess pattern of whole body symptom and sign in the statistics(P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that pre-menstrual and mid & post-menstrual pelvic pain depending on the time of its manifestation is preferentially utilized as symptom and sign related to dysmenorrhea identifying Deficiency and Excess pattern.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.189-198
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• 2009

Considering the opinions of annotators, the remedy about excess of east and deficiency of west from "the seventy-fifth question" can be arranged as follows. "The seventy-fifth question", with "the sixty-ninth question", explains excess and deficiency of mother and son. Abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] in the excess of wood and deficiency of metal[木實金虛] presents a remedy, which has been applied in herbs and medicine application henceforth. "The seventy-fifth question" is a unique theory from " Nan-gyeong(難經)", and does not continue the theory of "Hwangjenaegyeong(黃帝內經)". "The seventy-fifth question" mentions the relationship of excess and deficiency of the five elements and five viscera, but does not mention excess and deficiency of invigoration and abatement of the meridian. Remedy from abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] in the excess of wood and deficiency of metal[木實金虛] is an abnormal, temporary and extraordinary method. This remedy is applied in Saam acupuncture[舍巖鍼] as A-variation form. The process where Son allows excess of mother[子能令母實] and mother allows deficiency of son[母能令子虛] in the abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] is a mechanism, not a remedy. Generation after generation, medical practitioners can be classified into those that claimed abatement of fire and invigoration of water[瀉火補水] because of the relation with excess of liver and deficiency of lung[肝實肺虛], abatement of heart(瀉心) due to the excess of liver(肝實), or invigoration of Eum and abatement of Yang[補陰瀉陽].

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire. The number of subjects enrolled in this study was 431. Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis were conducted to reveal the correlation among Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire, Grip Strength and Quality of life. ROC-curve analysis were used to suggest optimal cut off value. Cohen Kappa also used to analyze for diagnostic validity. The significant p-value was < .05. The Deficiency questionnaire had positive correlation with the score of the expert and negative correlation with Grip Strength and Quality of life (p<.001). The Excess questionnaire had positive correlation with the score of the expert and negative correlation with Quality of life (p<.001). The optimal cut off value was 56.5 to separate deficiency and non deficiency and 47.5 to separate excess and non-excess. Furthermore, AUC was .900 and .851 accordingly. Cohen Kappa value between deficiency questionnaire and the expert was .640. Cohen Kappa value between excess questionnaire and the expert was .513. This study reveals that Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire is valid. However, further study considering of gender, age, and health condition and so on, is needed.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.727-736
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• 2010

This study is about researching mechanistic pattern identification of disease for DongEuiBoGam NaeGyungPyen by analysing with pattern identification of modern Traditional Korean medical patholgy as more logical, systematic and standardized theory. Disease pattern mechanisms of uterine, urine and excrements parts of DongEuiBoGam NaeGyun gPyen in NaeGyungPyen of DongEuiBoGam are these. Menstrual irregularities in DongEuiBoGam can be classified flui d-humor depletion, blood deficiency, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, qi stagnation complicated by heat, blood stasis, blood deficiency complicated by heat, syndrome of heat entering blood chamber, syndrome of cold entering blood chamber. The disease pattern of abdominal pain after menstruation in DongEuiBoGam is blood deficiency complicated by heat, and a dysmenorrhea represents blood stasis with heat, fluid-humor deficiency. Advanced menstruation represent dual heat of the qi and blood, delayed menstruation is blood deficiency. The disease pattern of inhibited urination in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency heat pattern of kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney qi deficiency, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, fluid-humor depletion, spleen-stomach dual deficiency, and excess he at pattern of bladder excess heat. The disease pattern of urinary incontinence in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of kidney-bladder qi deficiency, consumptive disease, lung qi deficiency, kidney yin deficiency(yin deficiency with effulgent fire), kidney yang deficiency and excess pattern of lower energizer blood amassment, bladder excess heat. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. The disease pattern of diarrhea in DongEuiBoGam can be classified deficiency pattern of qi deficiency, qi fall, spleen yang deficiency, kidney yang deficiency and so on and excess pattern of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness-fire, phlegm-fluid retention, dietary irregularities, qi movement stagnation. And most of them are deficiency from deficiency-excess Pattern Identification. Like these, this study identify pattern of disease in DongEuiBoGam by mechanism of disease theory.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 2015

Objectives: The study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for cold-heat & deficiency-excess pattern identification of dementia and establish a new version of the questionnaire. Methods: Mean, standard deviation, skewness, internal consistency, correlation and t-test of the 26 items derived from previous study was analyzed in 20 dementia patients. The items with Cronbach-${\alpha}$ coefficient below 0.7 were modified. Thus, we established a new version of the questionnaire consisting of 20 items. Results: Cronbach-${\alpha}$ of each cold, heat, deficiency and excess questionnaire was 0.662, -0.229, 0.722 and 0.778, respectively. The correlation coefficient between cold, heat, deficiency and excess was less than 0.4 and correlation coefficient between dementia and cold, deficiency was 0.518. On t-test, the t-value of cold, deficiency and dementia was -2.196. Conclusions: The results indicated that cold-heat, deficiency-excess questionnaires showed satisfactory discriminant validity. In addition, there was correlation between dementia and cold, deficiency. Finally, we established a new version of the questionnaire for cold-heat, deficiency-excess pattern identification that consisted of 20 items.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.581-586
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• 1994

Effect of excess and deficiency of PbO on the sintering and electrical properties of tetragonal Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 were investigated. Fired density revealed maximum value with 4 wt% of excess PbO, and decreased with increasing amount of both excess and deficient PbO. Grain size increased with excess PbO, and decreased with deficiency of PbO. It appeared that excess PbO forms a liquid phase to enhance grain growth and completely volatilizes after sintering, whereas ZrO2 particles formed in PbO-deficient PZT inhibit grain growth. The change in the values of the equivalent circuit elements of PZT corresponded well with thar of porosity formed by excess and deficiency of PbO; kp, Co and Cm decreased while Qm, Rm and Lm increased conosiderably with porosity. This change was more pronounced in PbO-deficient type probably due to change in Zr/Ti ratio of PZT.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and the validity of Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire. The number of subjects enrolled in this study was 248, from July 2015 to March. 2016. The surveys was conducted two times with 3 month interval. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ analysis for internal reliability, Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis for test-retest reliability were conducted. Factor analysis with varimax rotation for construct validity was used. Kappa analysis for diagnostic reliability were used. The significant p-value was < .05. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .929 in Deficiency and .932 in Excess questionnaire. The reliabilities between test and retest Intra Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was .71-.762 in the Deficiency, and .58-.786 in Excess questionnaire, respectively. Deficiency was divided by five factors, and Excess four factors. The factor convergence was 72.54% in the Deficiency and 67.5% in Excess questionnaire. The test-retest agreement of four pattern was 68.5% and Kappa was .530. This study reveals that Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire is a reliable and valid. However, further study to validate the questionnaire is needed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to analyze relationship between post-stroke depression (PSD) and cold, heat, deficiency and excess patterns. Methods : Twenty-eight PSD patients were recruited from STROKE center and measured with questionnaires for cold, heat, deficiency and excess patternvalues and saliva for cortisol awakening response (CAR). Saliva samples were collected immediately, 15, 30 and 45 min after awakening. In addition, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were conducted for PSD severity. We conducted correlation analysis to find the relationship between cold, heat, deficiency and excess patterns and CAR or BDI and HDRS. Results : Deficiency and excess patterns werepositively correlated with area under the curve with respect to the increase (AUCi), but not with area under the curve with respect to the global (AUCg), in CAR. Furthermore, it was negatively correlated with BDI and HDRS, while cold and heat patterns were not correlated with CAR, BDI and HDRS. Conclusions : In terms of deficiency and excess patterns, the higher the PSD severity, the higher the deficiency and the lower the PSD severity, the higher the excess. However, there was not a significant relationship between PSD and cold and heat patterns.