• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2018

Objectives The objective of this study is to examine the interpretability of the questionnaire-based pattern identification in terms of biosignals. For this purpose, we investigate the relationship between electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) and Qi-Blood-Yin-Yang Deficiency Questionnaire (QBYY-Q) in diabetic patients. Methods A total of 40 patients with diabetes mellitus answered the QBYY-Q and their ESC were measured by SUDOSCAN device (a diabetes screening device, France). To analyze the relationship between QBYY-Q and ESC, ANOVA analysis and Scheffe test were performed and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained. Results Of the 40 diabetic patients, 23 (57.5%) were males and 17 (42.5%) were females. According to the QBYY-Q, 9 patients were classified into Qi deficiency pattern (QD), 9 patients were Blood deficiency pattern (BD), 10 patients were Yin deficiency pattern (YiD) and 12 patients were Yang deficiency pattern (YaD). Demographic information (age, body mass index, duration of illness, etc.), signs of vitality (blood pressure, body temperature, etc.), fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were not significantly different in each deficiency pattern. The ESC of the right leg was significantly lower in the BD group compared to the YiD group (p<0.022). Pearson's correlation coefficient was negatively correlated with the BD questionnaire score (r=-0.343, p <0.05). Finally, ESC showed a positive correlation with hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels in all limbs (r=0.483, p<0.01). Conclusions We showed that ESC could be used to classify the Deficiency pattern identifications in diabetic patients. Especially, the ESC was significantly lower in the BD group and was negatively correlated with the BD scores. It implies the potential utility of the ESC to understand the BD in terms of modern biosignals.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.175-202
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted towards developing a screening tool for syndrome differentiation in the diagnosis of menopause in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Methods: We conducted a literature review of studies on menopausal diagnosis based on syndrome differentiation, and examined well-founded differentiated syndromes and their respective clinical symptoms. Based on the findings, we created a questionnaire through consultations with Oriental medicine experts in physiology, pathology, and diagnostics. Finally, the research team conducted an expert Delphi study on differentiated syndromes and the associated clinical symptoms. Results: Seven differentiated syndromes were selected, including Liver Depression (肝鬱), Kidney Yin Deficiency (腎陰虛), Kidney Yang Deficiency (腎陽虛), Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency (肝腎陰虛), Kidney Yin and Yang Deficiency (腎陰陽兩虛), Heart-Kidney Noninteraction (心腎不交), and Dual Deficiency of Heart and Spleen (心脾兩虛); 4 disease locations, including liver (肝), heart (心), spleen (脾), and kidney (腎); and 3 disease natures, including Yin Deficiency (陰虛), Qi Stagnation (氣滯), and Blood Deficiency (血虛). In addition, we added 3 supplemental disease natures, including Yang Deficiency (陽虛), Qi Deficiency (氣虛), and Heat (火熱), in consideration of syndrome differentiation categories that may possibly be added in a follow-up clinical questionnaire. Conclusions: This resulted in a total of 7 differentiated syndromes, 4 disease locations, and 6 disease natures. We translated the clinical symptoms of these 17 categories into Korean Hangeul. After consulting with 5 Oriental medicine experts and a psychology expert, we produced a questionnaire for use in diagnosing menopause based on syndrome differentiation. The calculation of scores for the syndrome differentiation screening tool will be confirmed through clinical research based on the results of a review of existing literature.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire. The number of subjects enrolled in this study was 431. Pearson Correlation Coefficient analysis were conducted to reveal the correlation among Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire, Grip Strength and Quality of life. ROC-curve analysis were used to suggest optimal cut off value. Cohen Kappa also used to analyze for diagnostic validity. The significant p-value was < .05. The Deficiency questionnaire had positive correlation with the score of the expert and negative correlation with Grip Strength and Quality of life (p<.001). The Excess questionnaire had positive correlation with the score of the expert and negative correlation with Quality of life (p<.001). The optimal cut off value was 56.5 to separate deficiency and non deficiency and 47.5 to separate excess and non-excess. Furthermore, AUC was .900 and .851 accordingly. Cohen Kappa value between deficiency questionnaire and the expert was .640. Cohen Kappa value between excess questionnaire and the expert was .513. This study reveals that Deficiency and Excess Pattern Identification Questionnaire is valid. However, further study considering of gender, age, and health condition and so on, is needed.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2007

The "Somun Jogyongron(素問 調經論)" describes excess and deficiency syndromes. The study suggests that excess syndrome(實證) is caused by vigorous pathogenic fire(火邪)(the spirit(神)), pathogenic dryness(燥邪)(Gi(氣)), pathogenic wind(風邪)(blood(血)), pathogenic dampness(濕邪)(physique(形)) or pathogenic coldness(寒邪)(will(志)). When pathogenic fire is dominant within the body, Gi and blood becomes excessive and come out of the body, but the body cannot take them back, leading to the symptom in which the patient cannot stop laughing. When pathogenic dryness prevails, the lung(肺) cannot function properly. This means that the convergence(收斂) function of the clearing the lung and descending Gi(肅降) is deteriorated, and the patient shows symptoms of dyspnea and cough. Strong pathogenic wind increases the ascencling Gi in the liver(肝氣) and fuel angry emotion when the patient becomes upset. When pathogenic dampness is dominant, spleen(脾) function drops due to lumping effects, and the patient will experience abdominal distention(腹脹), which will disturb urination and defecation. When pathogenic coldness prevails, abdominal distention occurs due to condensating effects, and Yang Gj(陽氣) in the kidney(腎) is disturbed, leading to digestion disorders and eventually water-grain dysentery. Deficiency syndrome is caused by the lack of essential Gi(精氣) in the five viscera(五藏). Deficiency of sprit means the lack of Gi in the heart(心氣), so the patient becomes vulnerable to sadness. Deficiency of Gi means the lack of Gi in the lung(肺氣), so the patient may have breathing disorders. Deficiency of blood means the lack of Gi in the Liver(肝氣), so the patient can be easily scared. Deficiency of physique means the lack of Gi in the spleen(脾氣), making it difficult to use arms and legs. Deficiency of will means the lack of Gi in the kidney(腎氣), so Gowl syndrome(厥證) can ensue.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.102-112
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to obtain reference data of traditional Korean medicine diagnostic methods for the practical usage in women infertility. Methods: The study involved 38 female patients of age 20-38 years that had diagnosed of infertility. All the subjects answered to pattern identification questionnaire and Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification (QSCC II). Pattern identification scores and constitution types have been analyzed with variables of infertility factors and age. Statistical analysis was performed by adopting descriptive and inferential tests. Results: In pattern identification questionnaire analysis, the patterns were observed in order of frequency: liver stasis; blood deficiency; kidney-yang deficiency; kidney-yin deficiency; damp-heat; blood stasis; and phlegm. The group, less than 35 years old, had the higher average score of liver stasis (p<0.05). Also, the group with tubal and peritoneal factors, had the higher average score of blood deficiency (p<0.05). In QSCC II analysis, So-yang type had the higher average score of liver stasis, kidney-yang deficiency, and kidney-yin deficiency. So-eum type had the higher average score of liver stasis, kidney-yang deficiency, kidney-yin deficiency, and blood deficiency. While, Tae-um type had the higher average score of liver stasis and phlegm. Conclusions: We would accumulate the clinical data for the practical usage of traditional Korean medicine diagnostic methods in women infertility.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.233-241
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• 2019

Purpose: Vitamin D deficiency is a condition widespread throughout the world. Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adolescents. Methods: The data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008-2014. A total of 3,878 adolescents were included in the study. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration <20 ng/mL and suspected NAFLD was defined as an alanine transaminase concentration >30 U/L. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was noted in 78.9% of the studied population. Age, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in adolescents with suspected NAFLD than in adolescents without suspected NAFLD, while the mean vitamin D level was significantly lower in adolescents with suspected NAFLD. The multivariate-adjusted odds of suspected NAFLD were higher with increased age, male gender, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Individuals with vitamin D deficiency were at higher risk of suspected NAFLD (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.95) after adjusting for age, gender, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with suspected NAFLD, independent of obesity and metabolic syndrome, in adolescents.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.74-86
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• 2020

Purpose: This study identified the factors that influenced the food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia among Senegal mothers. Methods: The subjects were 155 mothers in Dakar, Senegal. We surveyed 21 questions concerning their knowledge of iron deficiency anemia, the perceived severity and perceived benefits, self-confidence, food preferences and food-intake practices during the period from December 4, 2017 to December 29, 2017. Results: The factors significantly related to food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia included having a female head of household with male support (β=0.249, p=.003) and being in the 5th quintile of income level (β=0.386, p=.003). Conclusion: The results of regression analysis showed that the head of household and income level are factors that influenced the food-intake practices affecting iron deficiency anemia. Therefore, economic factors and the structure of the household must be considered to achieve success for Senegalese iron deficiency anemia projects.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2011

Magnesium (Mg) plays an essential role in physiological and metabolic reactions. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the role of Mg deficiency, particularly the relationship between serum Mg value and inflammatory response. This study was designed to determine the relationship between serum Mg deficiency with inflammatory response, electrolytes and hematological alteration over long-term periods. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: control (n=8), and Mg deficiency group (MgD group, n=8). Chow and normal water (tap water) were regularly provided to the control group and Mg-depleted chow and third distilled water were regularly provided for 60 days to the MgD group. Body weights, Serum Mg, $K^+$, inorganic phosphorus (IP) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels in the MgD group were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Granulocyte fraction and MCV, RDW and PDW levels were higher, whereas lymphocyte fraction, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and MCHC levels were lower in the MgD group than in the control group (P<0.05). MCP-1 and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels in the MgD group were greater than those of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that Mg deficiency over a long-term period had not altered total leukocyte concentration in the blood, but had detrimental effects, including disturbances of electrolytes balance, disturbance of iron indices, potential anemia and elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. However, further studies should be performed to determine the relationship between serum Mg deficiency and major organ damage or alteration.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.135-142
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• 1992

Pi(Spleen, 脾) corresponds to central earth and is called as the basis of acquired essence as it has the function of transforting and transforming the nutrients, keeping the blood circulating, and nourishing the muscle and limbs. Recently many studies to research the nature and deficiency of Pi are actively carried out. Especially functional deficiency of Pi(脾虛證) which occupies 60 to 70% or 88% in miscell aneous disease is divided into deficiency of Qi(脾氣虛), Yang(脾陽許), and Yin(脾陰虛), and tought to be positive when three or more such symptoms as anorexia, abdominal distension, loose bowels, pale face and weakness are present. Investigating the resent studies on the nature of the deficiency of Pi shows that Pi has the function of digestive system and also should be considered as functional unit of mult system related immune, metabolic, hematic, muscular, rnddocrine and nervus system. Various experiments as ptyaline activity test and xylose absorption test are used as an indication to deficiency of Pi and would be helpful to understand its nature. As deficiency of Pi appears in many disease and has various manifestations, further studies to diagnose the symptom of Pi using various experiments and oriental medical diagnostic method should be ensued.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제22권1_2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 1979

Sandy loam plots of pH 5.5, which was created by the reclamation of highlands in Yongin county, Kyeonggi province, was selected for the present experimental study. Sugar beet was cultured in these plots by treating them with calcium hydroxide and 3 replications to maintain pH 5.5, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.6, respectively. The growth and yield of sugar beet were investigated and the results obtained showed a great deal of boron deficiency. The growth in its early stage was favorable in high pH plots, while no significant difference was observed in sugar content, root weight and sugar production at the time of harvest in each treated plot. The tendency of sugar accumulation appeared to be identical in terms of pattern in each treated plot; i.e. sugar was accumulated until early September but declined momentarily from the middle of September and then the sugar accumulation was resumed from the middle of October. The number of individuals in boron deficiency was larger in high pH plots and the condition of such boron deficiency was also severe. The result of analysis of boron contained in plant body revealed that the boron content of individuals caused boron deficiency by water culture and that occurred in the plots was small alike. The appearance of boron deficiency is characterized by the emergence of black stripes on the surface of the basal part of petiole, severe necrosis of young leaves in the area of growing point and severe wrinkles. Therefore it is felt necessary to pay particular attention to boron deficiency in the culture of sugar beet in our country.