• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

The effect of water temperature (T) and body weight (W) on oxygen consumption of fasted starry flounder Platichthys stellatus was investigated in order to assess the metabolic response of this species at given conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was measured under six different water temperatures (4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$) and at two different body weights (mean weight of fry group : 1.5 g; fingerling group : 37.4 g) at an interval of 5 minutes for 24 hours using a continuous flow-through respirometer. In each treatment three replicates were set up and a total 540 fish in fry groups and 90 fish in fingerling groups were used. The OCRs increased with increase of water temperature in both groups (p<0.001). Mean OCRs at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 1386.0, 1601.7, 1741.0, 1799.2, 2239.1 and $2520.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fry groups, and 83.8, 111.4, 126.3, 147.1, 187.7 and $221.3mg\;O_2\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The OCRs decreased with increasing body weights at six different water temperatures (p<0.001). The relationship between water temperature and body weight is described by the following equation : OCR=1520.91+40.85T-49.22W ($r^2=0.95$, p<0.001). The energy loss by metabolic response increased with an increase in water temperature and a decrease in body weight (p<0.001). Mean energy loss rates by oxygen consumption at 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and $19^{\circ}C$ were 907.9, 1046.5, 1141.6, 1177.0, 1467.3 and $1650.1kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fry groups and 54.8, 73.0, 82.9, 96.2, 122.9 and $144.6kJ\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;d^{-1}$ in fingerling groups, respectively. The $Q_{10}$ values of fingerling groups were higher than those of fry groups at given temperature ranges. The $Q_{10}$ values at $4{\sim}7^{\circ}C$, $7{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $13{\sim}16^{\circ}C$ and $16{\sim}19^{\circ}C$ were 1.62, 1.32, 1.12, 2.07 and 1.48 in fry groups, and 2.59, 1.52, 1.67, 2.25 and 1.73 in fingerling groups, respectively.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the immediate effects of weight-assisting methods on vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activation, on the VMO/VL muscle activation ratio, and on muscle onset time in healthy subjects when ascending stairs. Methods: Healthy participants were randomly assigned to the belt group (n = 11), hand group (n = 11), and control group (n = 11). In the belt group, a belt was wrapped around the sacrum and pulled forward with both hands, moving the center of weight forward, while ascending stairs. The hand group grasped the hips with both hands and climbed stairs, assisting their weight from the rear and moving the center of weight backward, and the control group climbed the stairs without any intervention. Results: Muscle activation of the VMO decreased significantly after the intervention in the belt and hand groups, and activation of the VL muscle in both groups showed a greater decrease than that of the VMO muscle. Further, the VMO/VL muscle activation ratio increased significantly, with an improvement shown in the order of the belt group, hand group, and control group, while muscle onset time also improved in the order of the belt group, hand group, and control group. Conclusion: The belt group demonstrated the greatest effect across all dependent variables, confirming that in clinical practice, these two weight-assisting methods are more effective interventions during stair ascent for patients with knee joint instability, pain, and imbalance than no assistance.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2018

Purpose : To compare the radiation doses of prostate cancer patients according to changes in abdominal body shape and energy during Volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT). Materials and Methods : Seven patients with prostate cancer were enrolled in this study. VMAT treatment plan was established at 6, 10, and 15 MV while changing from -2.0 cm to 2 cm by 0.5 cm. Conformal index(CI), homogeneous index(HI), $D_{max}$, $D_{95%}$, $D_{50%}$ and $D_{2%}$ of PTV were examined in order to evaluate the change of dose in the target organ according to body shape change. Normal organ of the femoral head, rectum and bladder was analyzed to evaluate dose changes. Results : The dose of $D_{max}$ 6 MV in PTV increased to 107.2 % in 1.0 cm body shape reduction, and 10 MV and 15 MV dose increased to 107.1 % and 107.0 % in 1.5 cm body reduction, respectively. The dose of $D_{50%}$ 6 MV in PTV decreased to 99.64 % in 1.0 cm body shape increase, and in 10 MV and 15 MV dose decreased to 99.79 % and 99.97 % in 1.5 cm body increase, respectively. In 2.0 cm body type increase, the dose was decreased to 99.30 % and 99.52 %, respectively. Doses for rectum and bladder gradually increased with decreasing weight, and dose decreased with decreasing weight. 6 MV, and $V_{70Gy}$ at 10 MV increased from 11.50 % to 12.76 % when the external shape decreased by 2.0 cm. The bladder $V_{70Gy}$ also increased from 14.0 % to 15.2 %. It was also shown that the dose increased as the body weight decreased in the femoral head. Conclusion : In the treatment of VMAT, dose distribution can be changed according to the change of abdominal shape. SSD and CBCT were used to decrease the body shape by more than 1cm or more than 1.0 cm at 6 MV and the body shape by more than 1.5 cm or more than 1.5 cm at 10 MV or 15 MV. It is considered that a new treatment plan should be established through re-simulation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.267-272
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• 2021

In this study, the output results of 3D printed exterior materials for application to buildings of various shapes are output tests using test specimens, in which 3D printing concrete is cast in a mold and accelerating agents are used to ensure stackability. The unit weight and strength characteristics of the body were analyzed. Compared to the unit weight of concrete placed in the mold, the unit weight of 3D printing concrete using accelerating agents tends to decrease by approximately 3.5% to 5.0%, and the compressive strength is the compressive strength of the concrete placed in the mold. In comparison, the compression strength of the output by 3D printing tended to decrease by approximately 36% to 46%. In the flexural strength, the compressive strength of the output through 3D printing decreased by approximately 36% to 46% compared to the compressive strength of concrete placed in the mold. The impact on the strength characteristics of 3D printed concrete using accelerating agents tended to decrease by approximately 2.0 to 5.8%. Therefore, 3D printing output accelerating agents can be used.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.63-78
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of experimental study was to prove the effects of Boyangmakseong-bang (BYMSB) treatment on cBSA-induced in a MN mouse model. Methods: We divided mice into 4 groups. The Normal group had no treatment. We used cBSA and induced MN mouse model to the other 3 groups. The Control group was treated with cBSA (9mg/kg i.p) only. The second group, named 'BY-250', was treated with cBSA (9mg/kg i.p) and BYMSB extract (250mg/kg, p.o). The third group, named 'BY-500', was treated with cBSA (9mg/kg i.p) and BYMSB extract (500mg/kg, p.o). After cBSA and BYMSB extract treatment for 4 weeks, the increase in percentage of body weight, proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, creatinine and BUN of all groups were measured. The CD3+, CD19+, CD4+, CD8+ cell levels of spleen of all groups were analyzed. IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$ levels of all groups were gauged. H&E staining, immunofluorescence staining and electron microscopy of kidney were observed. Results: BYMSB showed significant decrease in the 24hrs proteinuria, serum total cholesterol, serum IgG levels and BUN levels, and showed significant increase in the serum albumin levels compared with the control group. BYMSB showed increase in the increasing percentage of body weight and IFN-${\gamma}$ levels compared with the control. BYMSB showed decrease in the CD3+ T cells, CD4+ Th cells, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 levels, but did not show significant change compared with the control. BYMSB showed considerable decrease in the thickening of the GBM on H&E staining, deposition of IgG on immunofluorescence staining and deposition of electron-density on electron microscopy of kidney compared with the control. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is suggested that BYMSB decreases the symptoms of MN induced by cBSA in a mouse model. Therefore BYMSB seems to be applicable to MN in clinical practice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.556-563
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary metabolic energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 crossbred pigs ($Duroc{\times}[Landrace{\times}Yorkshire]$) with an average body weight of $8.67{\pm}1.13kg$ were used for a 6-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design. The first factor was two levels of dietary ME density (low ME level, 13.40 MJ/kg or high ME level, 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary CP levels based on subdivision of early and late weaning phases (low CP level, 19.7%/16.9%; middle CP level, 21.7%/18.9%; or high CP level, 23.7%/20.9%). Results: Over the entire experimental period, there were no significant difference in body weight among groups, but a decrease in diet energy level was associated with an increase in average daily feed intake (p = 0.02) and decrease in gain-feed ratio (G:F) ratio (p<0.01). Decreased CP levels in the diet were associated with a linear increase in average daily gain (p<0.05) and quadratic increase in G:F ratio (p<0.05). In the early weaning period, blood urea nitrogen concentration tended to increase when ME in the diet decreased and decrease when CP level in the diet decreased (p = 0.09, p<0.01, respectively). Total protein concentration tended to increase when CP level was reduced (p = 0.08). In the late weaning period, blood urea nitrogen concentration decreased linearly as CP level decreased (p<0.01). The CP and crude fat digestibility decreased when ME was decreased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.05, p = 0.01, respectively). The CP digestibility increased linearly as CP level decreased (p = 0.01). Conclusion: A weaning pig diet containing high ME level (13.82 MJ/kg) and low CP level (19.7%/16.9%) can improve pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.104-121
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• 2020

Objectives : Since neuropathic pain shows a variety of symptoms via various mechanisms, there are many difficulties in treatment and various treatments have been tried. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Araliae Continentalis Radix pharmacopuncture (ACR) on neuropathic pain. Methods : After dividing the white rats into six groups, the sciatic nerves of five groups except the normal group were excised to induce neuropathic pain. Except normal and control group, the other four groups were given: saline (Saline group), ACR 1.100 mg/kg (ACR 1 group), ACR 2.743 mg/kg (ACR 2 group), and ACR 5.486 mg/kg (ACR 3 group) at GB30, twice a week for a total of six times in three weeks. Withdrawal response react time and force intensity, c-Fos, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ were observed to investigate the efficacy of ACR in each group. Body weight, WBC, RBC, HGB, PLT, AST, ALT, BUN, and Cr changes were observed to check the safety of ACR. Results : Both withdrawal response react time & force intensity were significantly increased in the ACR2 and ACR3 groups at 3 weeks. C-Fos tended to decrease in all ACR groups and significantly decreased in ACR3 group. In blood serum, TNF-α showed a tendency to decrease in all ACR groups and a significant decrease in ACR3 group. But IL-6 and IFN-γ did not change significantly in all experimental groups. In the spinal cord, IFN-γ was significantly decreased in the ACR3 group. But TNF-α and IL-6 were not significantly changed in all experimental groups. Body weight was not changed significantly in all experimental groups. RBC increased significantly in ACR2 group, HGB increased in ACR3 group, and PLT increased significantly in all experimental groups. ALT significantly decreased in ACR1 group, and there were no significant changes in AST, BUN, and Cr in all experimental groups. Conclusions : At high concentrations, ACR pharmacopuncture reduced c-Fos, and TNF-α in the blood serum and IFN-γ in the spinal cord thereby suppressed allodynia. More in-depth studies about pharmacopuncture concentration or mechanism are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.64-76
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of body composition, biochemical index level, resting metabolic rate and daily activities by the public health center's health-promoted program in overweight middle aged women. The workout program of 12 subjects constituted by exercise(aerobic exercise & resistance training) and nutritional education for 10 weeks. As the results, there was a significant decrease in all the weight(59.0$\pm$8.9 vs 57.2$\pm$8.3kg, p<0.05), body fat percentage(33.4$\pm$4.3 vs 30.5$\pm$4.5%, p<0.05) and body fat mass(19.8$\pm$5.4 vs 17.7$\pm$4.9kg, p<0.05) after program. Fat free mass and RMR which tend to be higher after than before program were found not to be significantly. In addition, the serum HDL-cholesterol(54.3$\pm$8.1 vs 59.7$\pm$13.9mg/dl, p<0.05) and TG level(65.2$\pm$418 vs 89.4$\pm$65.6mg/dl, p<0.05) of the subjects increased at the end of the study significantly and significant correlation found between total-cholesterol and TG before program. When the other laboratory parameter were compared before and after program, hematocrit(35.1$\pm$3.3 vs 39.7$\pm$3.3%, p<0.001), platelet(225.9$\pm$49.6 vs 244.3$\pm$49.7cell/ul, p<0.05) and fasting glucose(88.0$\pm$6.5 vs 76.6$\pm$9.7mg/dl, p<0.001) increased significantly but hemoglobin(13.3$\pm$1.3 vs 12.9$\pm$1.3mg/dl, p<0.01) decreased. And in activities analysis, 'moderate activity(18.8 vs 5.8minutes, p<0.05)' clearly showed a significant decrease but 'severe activity(17.7 vs 11.4minutes, p<0.05)' showed a increase. These results suggest that continuous health-promoted program involved exercise and nutritional education at the public health center are effective to reduce body fat and to improve resting metabolic rate(RMR). Further research is required to develop more effective public health program for the middle aged women in community.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.316-325
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• 2003

In this paper, the effect of Ganopoly(extracts of Ganoderma lucidum) and Ganopoly/C+(70% Ganopoly + 30% chitosan) on cisplastin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. A single dose of cisplastin(5 ㎎/㎏) kg) was administered intraperitoneally after pretreatment of saline, Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ for 7 days. The nephrotoxicity and renal function were manifestated by the changes of body weight, blood pressure, biochemical changes and solute in urine and plasma. After the treatment of CDDP(cis-dichlorodiamineplatinum), a significant elevation of kidney weight, serum urea, cretinine, urine volume for 24 hours, urine magnesium, and a severe or significant decrease in body weight, blood pressure, creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, serum albumin, etc. The nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by a significant decrease in glutathione S-transferase(GSH) in urine and kidney homogenate, GSH, glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and catalase in kidney tissue. And also the lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in kidney homogenate. These signs of nephrotoxicity was ameliorated by the pretreatment and consecutive administration of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ for 14 days after the Lp. injection of CDDP on 7th day after pretreatment of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+. The amelioration of nephrotoxicity was evidenced by significant reduction in serum urea and creatinine concentration, and improvement of other index of renal function. And The activity of antioxidant enzymes were partially recovered in kidney tissue of rats treated by CDDP and the administration of Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+. These results indicate the cispastin induced nephrotoxicity is due to an impairment of tubular reabsorption systems enhanced by necrosis of proximal tubule, and the Ganopoly and Ganopoly/C+ has a partial protective effect on nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP. The polysacchride of Ganoderma lucidum may improve the therapeutic index of nephrotoxicity induced by CDDP. However, it is needed to elucidate the mechanism for confirming the therapeutic effect.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2001

This study was performed to elucidate the patho-physiology of copper-poisoned rats after consecutive oral administrations of the copper sulfate. The changes in feed and water intake, gains of body weight, blood pictures and mineral compositions of several organs were observed to measure the effects of copper poisoning. 1. Compared with control group, every experimental group of which 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate was administered displayed a gradual decrease in feed intake in dose-dependent manners. 2. After 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate administration, water intake seemed to decrease in every experimental group in dose-dependent manners, but there was little statistical significance. 3. After 1,000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate administration, body weight decreased in every experimental group in dose-dependent manners. 4. After 1000, 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate administration, the PLT values and numbers of RBC and WBC significantly increased after copper sulfate administration, but the values of Hb and PCV were lower than those of control group's. 5. After 2,000 or 4,000 ppm/kg of copper sulfate administration, the levels of Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Zn in the liver were lowered, but the levels of Mn, Fe, Pb and Zn in the kidneys increased except Cu levels.