• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.107-118
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• 2020

Chloral hydrate is the oldest and most common sedative drug used in moderate sedation for pediatric dental patients. Hence, the purpose of this article is to review the safety and possible adverse events of this drug when used for pediatric dental treatment. A bibliographic search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and KMbase, KISS, DBpia, KoreaMed, and RISS databases was performed. Using the keywords "dental sedation," "chloral hydrate," and "children or adolescent," 512 scientific articles were found. Subsequently, 183 studies were individually assessed for their suitability for inclusion in this literature review. Altogether, 24 studies were selected. They included 12 cases of death before, during, or after chloral hydrate sedation for dental treatment, majorly due to dosing error and use of multiple sedatives. Additionally, intraoperative adverse events were mostly respiratory problems such as hypoxia and apnea, but most events were temporary. After treatment, prolonged sedation, including excessive sleep and less activity were the most common postoperative adverse events, and even death cases were reported. Despite the wide acceptance of chloral hydrate as a sedative-hypnotic agent, the risk of adverse events and adequate dose should be of great concern when using it for pediatric dental sedation.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences and perceptions of nursing students related to their cadaver practice through an integrative review. Methods: An integrative review was conducted using Whittemore and Knafl's framework published in 2005. The key words, "nursing students & cadaver" and "nursing students & anatomy" were used to search peer-reviewed publications in six databases. Among 373 searched articles, 15 articles were selected after excluding articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria. The literature quality was moderate (levels C and B). Results: The results from the 15 selected studies were integrated and classified into seven themes: "anxiety and discomfort," "gratitude and respect for donors," "dignity of the human body and life," "acceptance of death," "getting closer to the nursing profession," "enhanced understanding and memory of the human body" and "enhancement of learning motivation." Conclusion: In conclusion, cadaver practice provided an opportunity to form values about the dignity of life and death, helped nursing students understand the human body, and motivated them to approach the profession of nursing. It is suggested to develop integrated cadaver practice programs that incorporate bioethics, spiritual nursing, and the vocation of the nursing profession.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Perpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of death between Korean and Chinese nursing students. And it will help develop curriculum for preparing death, the quality of hospice care, as well as nursing education and practice. Methods: Data was collected from 492 nursing students participated(248 Korean and 244 Chinese) by questionnaire designed for examining Death Orientation (Thorson & Powell, 1988). They were analyzed using Cronbach's Alpha coefficients, factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis (SPSS; win 12.0 version) Results: More than half of the Korean nursing students followed a religion (58.5%) while the majority of Chinese nursing students did not follow a religion (93.9%). In the view of the afterlife, nursing students in China had two views. 'I really don't know what happens after a person dies (30.3%)' and ‘There is no afterlife and death is the end (29.5%)’. On the other hand the Korean nursing students’ answer were, 'After dying, a person goes to heaven or hell (27.3%)' and 'I really don't know what happens after a person dies. (22.9%)' The study also found that the average of 25 items in Death Orientation is 2.36points of nursing students in Korea and 2.50points of nursing students in China. This means that the concern, anxiety and fear were of the middle level for the Chinese Students and were higher than Korean students (t=3.51, p=.000). In the low factor of death orientation, those in Korea had higher 'anxiety of burden to family' than those in China (t=-3.50, p=.001). The nursing students in China had higher 'anxiety of the unknown (t=4.96, p=.000)', 'fear of suffering (t=6.88, p=.000), 'fear of extinction body and life (t=5.20, p=.000), 'fear of lost self-control(t=2.12, p=.034)', and 'anxiety of future existence and nonexistence (t=2.33, p=.020)' than those in Korea. There was no statistically significant difference for the 'concern of body and fear of identity lost' category. The death orientation of Korean nursing students had statistically significant differences according to age (t=3.20, p=.002), religion (t=2.56, p=.011), and afterlife (F=4.64, p=.000). The contribution of Death Orientation had a statistically significant difference, the afterlife variable (0.735, p=0.001). The death orientation of Chinese nursing students did not have any statistically significant differences. Conclusion: In conclusion, there were differences in death orientation between Korean and Chinese nursing students. In particular, those who believed in afterlife showed acceptance of death. The results of this study suggest that nursing curricula should include education program on death and spiritual nursing. Additional studies are needed to establish death education in China with careful considerations on Chinese policies, cultures and social systems.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.939-967
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• 2011

This study observed elderly women's adaptation process on separation by death in rural areas through grounded theory approach and developed its entity theory. Participants for this study were 14 elderly women who have lost their husbands in the last 12 months. The study was conducted for 8 months starting January 2010. Each interview per session took 40 to 90 minutes, study notes were taken on site, and recorded contents were transcribed by the researcher which was myself. The research data were collected by in-depth interview and with help of local community's nurses who were in charge of taking care of the participants. The collected data were analyzed by applying Strauss & Corbin's grounded theory (1998). As a result of study, 80 concepts, 28 subcategories, and 12 categories were deducted during open coding process. Adaptation process on separation by death was process of 'finding a way to live alone' which used strategy of 'attempting a make changes in life', and 'embracing the situation' which were influenced by conciliatory conditions of 'degree on economic condition', 'change in health', and 'supporting system' which focuses on phenomenon of 'bearing life alone' which is influenced by context condition of 'marital chemistry of couples during lifetime', and 'the couple's leadership during lifetime' together with casual conditions of 'the fall of wall'. The adaptation process accordance to time flow were divided into 4 steps which were step of 'shock and release of emotions', step of 'longing and resentment', step of 'resignation and acceptance', and step of 'life's restructure'. Above results suggest right directions for welfare for the aged and process of 'finding a way to live alone' for participants by controlling several factors and using intervention strategy, and provided basic data required for developing and applying practical welfare mediation.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.239-253
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• 2020

This study explored a sandplay therapy case of a woman maturing through conflicts with an adolescent son. The goal of the therapy was to relieve her from conflicts with going through individuation process under a free and protected space in sandplay therapy. Forty-six therapy sessions were held. The client exhibited that she needed a conversation with her feminity and maternity in the initial phase of therapy (1-5, regression). In the intermediate phase of therapy (6-43, struggle), she displayed the scenes of meeting of opposites, shadow, death, nurturing and integration of opposites. In the final phase of therapy (44-46, transformation), she showed the acception of her life with leaving her situations to God. Through sandplay therapy in the free and protected space, this study showed the effectiveness of sandplay therapy since the client achieved individuation by showing the acceptance of her life and could control her enraged feelings.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.190-202
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• 2000

Background : The objectives of this study were to examine patients' satisfaction with the DRG based payment method and its association with their awareness of the method, to examine patient reported changes in doctors' caring attitude, level of their out-of-pocket payments, providers' acceptance of patients' request for additional services after the program, and to examine changes in service utilization recorded in medical records. Method : One hundred-four patients who had cesarean sections before and after the demonstration program at two hospitals located in Seoul participated in the study. Patients were surveyed before discharges when their charges were finalized. Their medical records were reviewed as well to collect data for service utilization during hospital stays. The association between patients' satisfaction with the payment method and their awareness of the method was analyzed by ${\chi}^2$-test, and the significance of changes in providers' acceptance of patients' request for additional services and service utilization after the program were examined by ${\chi}^2$-test and t-test, respectively. Results : A large proportion of patients did not know of the DRG based payment method at the time of survey and a significantly larger proportion of patients who came to the hospitals with the knowledge satisfied with the method. About the same proportion of patients reported improvement and deterioration in doctors' caring attitude compare to the previous hospitalizations and a similar result was found concerning out-of-pocket payments. Providers' acceptance of patients' request for medication, PCA and painless delivery decreased significantly after the program whereas the acceptance for additional hospital days and laboratory and radiology tests did not. Length of stay, the numbers of days on antibiotics and antianemic medication, and the number of blood tests decreased significantly after the program, however, decreases in the rate of antianemic medication and the number of urine analyses were not statistically significant. Re-operation, in-hospital death, and complications were not observed before and after the program. Conclusion : The study findings indicated a need for better patient education and publicity about the newly introduced payment method to improve their satisfaction with the system. Other study findings concerning service utilization and quality of care indicators were consistent with the government funded evaluation studies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2178-2188
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• 2012

This study is based upon 200 final responses from a survey conducted for 153 nurses and 147 nursing students in Busan and Gyeongnam province from september to october 2011. It is carried out to compare and understand the spiritual needs of nurses and nursing students that are inclined to be more exposed unhealthy people rather than healthy people. In this study, the level of spiritual care needs was divided into five fields such as 'love and fellowship', 'hope and peace', 'meaning and purpose of life', 'acceptance of death' and 'relationship with God' and was investigated. As a result, the love and fellowship was the highest level in group of nurses (r = 3.82) and the relationship with God was the lowest one (r = 2.73). In contrast, a group of nursing students showed that love and fellowship was the highest level (r = 3.92) and relationship with God was the lowest (r = 2.99) among five fields. There were statistical significances between nurses and nursing students in 'acceptance of death' and 'relationship with God' (p < 0.05). When looking at correlation between fields of spiritual needs of nurses, the correlation between 'meaning and purpose of life' and 'hope and peace' was the highest (r = .699) and the correlation between 'relationship with God' and 'hope and peace' was the lowest (r = .247). As the result of analysis on correlation between fields of spiritual needs of nursing students, the correlation between 'meaning and purpose of life' and 'hope and peace' was the highest (r = .660) and the correlation between 'acceptance of death' and 'relationship with God' was the lowest (r = .277). Therefore, it would be imperative to develop a more efficient and systemized education program for the spiritual care of nursing patients, on the basis of understanding the spiritual needs of nurses and nursing students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.510-537
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• 1995

Human health is an integral part of experience in the process of Human Becoming. Through continual interaction with the environment human beings freely choose experience and develop as responsible beings. The process of the health experience of patient with terminal cancer is a unique. he objective of this study is to understand the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer in order to provide basic information for nursing care in the clinical setting and to develop a theoretical background for clinical practice. This study is to de-scribe and define the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer in order to provide a foundation for nursing research and education. Data collection has been done between December 1993 and November 1994. The subjects included five persons -four females and one male : one who was in her sixties, one in his fifties, two in their forties, and one who was in her thirties. The researcher has met with these patients 35 times, but at eight times the patient was in a stuporous condition and not able to participate, so these were not included in the data analysis. Parse's "Human Becoming Methodology", an existential phenomenological research methodology is used for this study. Data has been collected using he dialogical engagement process of "I and You", the participant researcher and the participant subject. Dialogical engagement was discontinued when the data was theoretically saturated. Data was analyzed using the extraction - synthesis and heuristic interpretation. The criteria of Guba and Lincoln(1985). and Sandelo wski(1986) : credibility, auditability, fitness and objectivity were used to test the validity and reliability of the data. The following is a description of the structure of the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer as defined by this study : 1. Structure : 1) Suffering through the reminiscence of past experience 2) The appearance of complex emotions related to life and connectedness 3) The increasing importance of significant people and of the Absolute Being 4) The increasing realization of the importance of health and belief 5) Desire for a return to health and a peaceful life or for acceptance of dying and a comfortable death In summary the structure of the lived experience of these patients can be said to be : suffering comes through reminiscence of past experience, and there are complex emotions related to life and connectedness. Significant people and the Absolute Being become increasingly important along with a realization of the importance of health and faith. And finally there is a desire for either a return to health and a peaceful life or for the acceptance of dying and a comfortable death. 2. Heuristic Interpretation : Using Parse's Human Becoming Methodology, the structure of the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer identified in this research is interpreted as. The lived experience of patients with terminal cancer involves the solving of past conflicts, and the experience of the healing and valuing of sorrow and pain. Through the relation of life and health, and the complex emotions that arise, the lived experience of revealing - concealing is of paradoxical emotions. The increasing importance of significant others and of the Absolute Being shows Connecting and Separating an on- going process of nearness and farness. Revision of thoughts about health and faith is interpreted as transforming and desire for restoration to health and a peaceful life or acceptance of dying and a cowfortable death, as powering. In summary, it is possible to see, in the lived experience of patients with terminal cancer, the relationship of the five concepts of Parse's theory : valuing, revealing -concealing, connecting-separating, transforming, and powering. From Parse's theory, the results of this study show that meaning is related to valuing, rhythmicity to revealing-concealing and connect-ing-separating, and cotranscendence to transforming and powering.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.325-346
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• 2013

This study analyzed the differences of the religious activities, faith attitudes, depression and ego-integrity by the elderly's demographic characteristics. In addition, this study analyzed the effects of the elderly's religious activities and faith attitudes on depression and ego-integrity. The survey was conducted from May 4 to 25, 2013 among the aged 60 or older with Christian faith in the Seoul metropolitan areas. And 408 responses were used in the data analysis. As a summary of the results, first, there were partially differences in religious activities, faith attitudes, depression, and ego-integrity by the elderly's demographic characteristics. Second, the subjective religious activities and faith attitudes had a negative effect on depression factor, and all factors of the religious activities had a negative effect on anti-vitality factor of the elderly. Third, the subjective religious activities had a positive effect on the attitude about life and acceptance of death, and the organizational religious activities had a positive effect on the acceptance of aging. Also, all factors of the religious activities had a positive effect on the satisfaction of the present life.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1351-1359
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• 2003

Extreme programming is the most representative methodology among agile software development methodologies which is agile in business environment which change fast. As software industry is matured, usability of software quality characteristics is emphasized gradually, but effort to obtain usability in extreme programming is insufficient. To improve usability of extreme programming, in this thesis, a software life cycle is defined by six phase as exploration, planning, iterations to release, productionizing, maintenance, and death phase. In this thesis, an extreme programming process which can improve usability is proposed by definition of 11 activities including integration testing and acceptance testing for usability testing, The proposed process is validated with four aspects. The proposed process is enhanced to support acceptance testing activity. The proposed extreme programming process is able to support CMM level 4 and quality assurance practice of CMM.