• 한국철학논집
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• 제58호
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• pp.201-243
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• 2018

한 종교의 죽음에 관한 이론을 살피는 작업은 바로 그 종교의 정체성과 그 특징을 읽어내기 위한 필수불가결의 과정이다. 또한 죽음관을 살펴보는 일은 인간 자신의 실제적인 삶의 문제에 종교가 어떻게 직접적으로 영향을 미치며 관여해 왔는지, 또 관여하고 있는지, 앞으로도 어떻게 관여할 것인지, 그 중요한 단초를 보여준다는 점에서도 의미가 크다. 이 연구에서는 증산계 신종교의 죽음관과 유교, 도교의 죽음관을 비교 분석해보았다. 이들 간의 죽음관의 비교를 거쳐 증산계 신종교와 유교, 도교의 죽음관의 유사성과 차이점을 드러내 보고자 하였다. 이를 통해 증산계 신종교의 종교적 특성과 정체성을 밝히고, 아울러 사회적 역할과 기능을 확인하는 것이 이 연구의 목적이다. 증산계 신종교는 인간이 사후에 어떻게 된다고 보는가? 이 물음은 사후에 인간이 어떤 모습으로 존재하게 되는지? 사후에도 동일한 정체성을 유지하는지? 가족과의 관계가 어떻게 되는 것인지? 어떤 일을 하게 되며 어떤 일을 겪게 되는 것인지? 윤회 또는 환생을 하는지? 등의 여러 문제를 함축한다. 이를 하나씩 유교 도교와 비교하여 살펴보았다. 이 연구는 기본적으로는 비교종교학적 방법으로 진행되었다. 죽음에 대한 설명은 죽음을 대면하는 개인의 심리적 의식을 해명하는 심리학적 층차, 인간 개념에 대한 철학적 이해를 통해 죽음을 해명하는 철학-종교적 층차, 죽음을 처리하는 사회적 의례의 분석을 통해 죽음의 사회문화적 의미를 해명하는 사회학적(문화론적) 층차 등 세 층차에서 살펴볼 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 유교와 도교 그리고 증산계 신종교의 죽음관에 대해 철학적 층차에 중점을 두면서 문화론적 의미도 함께 비교 검토해보았다. 증산계 신종교 죽음관을 이해하는데 있어서 그것을 구성하는 핵심 요소들인 혼(魂), 백(魄), 신(神), 영(靈), 선(仙)에 대한 설명이 필수불가결하다. 증산계 신종교의 죽음관에는 수용과 극복이라는 중층성이 있다. 이 연구에서는 유교 도교와의 비교를 통해 이들 선행연구의 문제점과 한계점들에 대한 보완 작업을 시도해 보았다. 이러한 과정을 통해서 증산계 신종교 죽음관의 핵심적 요소들을 좀 더 분명히 드러내 보이고자 하였고, 그 특징을 하나하나 밝혀내 보고자 하였다. 이와 같은 죽음관에 대한 좀 더 선명하고 체계적인 논의를 바탕으로 앞으로 죽음의례, 시신 처리, 장례 문제, 죽음 교육, 안락사, 자살 문제를 포함하는 임종의 문제, 지옥의 문제, 죽음을 맞이하는 사람의 심리 문제, 개벽시대 죽은 이들의 부활 문제 등을 논점으로 해서 증산계 신종교 죽음관의 내용들을 좀 더 구체적으로 더 추출할 수 있게 될 것이다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-69
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• 1983

This study was conducted to make the life tables from specific causes of death in Korea. Both "Life tables of Korea in l978-79" and "the statistics on causes of death statistics in 1980" issued by Economic Planning Board were used as source of data for this study. Among the 58, 187 death certificates reported to the concerned authorities, 39, 801 causes were drawn for the purpose of this study. As a result, it is revealed that two thirds of men in Korea died from these 10 major causes of death. The summarized results are as follows: 1. According to recent statistics, 10 major causes of death in 1980 were shown in the order of 1) malignant neoplasms, 2) cerebrovascular disease, 3) accidents and adverse effects, 4)hypertensive disease, 5) ischaemic heart disease and heart attack, 6) chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, 7) tuberculosis, 8) pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, 9) suicide, 10) diabetes mellitis. 2. The major causes of death in Korea were very similar to those of developed countries such as West Germany, Denmark and Japan. This means that our pattern of death causes is almost approaching to that of developed countries. 3. Our crude death rate in 1980 was on the line of 6.6 per 1, 000 people. This is very low level, compared with 12.1 in West Germany and 10.0 in Denmark, however, our age sepcific death rate was on the verge of doubled level in each age category as to that of West Germany, Denmark and Japan. The fact tells us that our death rate is very high yet, especially in young and prime adult age, and the proportion of the aged is quite low. 4. Average ages of people died from malignant neoplasms, cerebro vascular diseases and hypertensive diseases were 63.1, 66.6, 67.3 respectively, however, that of accidents and adverse effect was only 42.5. This shows that accidents occur indifferently from age. 5. In the curve of eventual death probability, the curve of malignant neoplasms was the highest of all curves before 60 in age. However, the probability curve of eventually dying from accidents and adverse effects tends to decline with age. 6. In this study five life tables from major causes of death (four leading causes of death and of tuberculosis) were constructed for 1979. These life tables are reflecting accurately the effects of age distribution on the specific cause of death. In the surviving curje of these tables we can see that the curve of accidents is adversely related to age. While curves of neoplasms, hypertension and tuberculosis are not diminishing before 40 in age, they are going sharply downward after 50 in age.ard after 50 in age.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

에피쿠로스와 루크레티우스는 죽음이 산 자에게도 죽은 자에게도 나쁘지 않음을 피력한다. 이에 반해 죽음에 대한 우리의 일상적 태도는 죽음을 나쁜 것으로 믿는다. 이 일상의 믿음은 일견 맹목적이며 성찰이 결여된 것으로 보이지만, 우리의 생활세계와 생활형식은 이 믿음을 견고하고 받쳐주고 있다. 본 논문은 죽음을 나쁘다고 믿는 데에는 타당한 이유가 있다고 주장한다. 그리고 이 주장을 정당화하기 위해 토마스 네이글의 '박탈이론'의 주장을 비판적으로 옹호한다. 박탈이론의 주장의 요점을 살피고 이에 대한 문제점을 제시하며 이를 통해 박탈이론의 주요 주장을 재구성함으로써 다음과 같은 사실을 밝힌다. 즉 우리는 죽을 운명을 피할 수 없는 존재이며 동시에 미래를 향한 존재이자 주체적 개인으로서 무한한 삶의 가능성을 갖고 있는 존재이다. 죽음은 인류라는 종으로서 우리에게 자연스러운 사태이지만, 주체적 개인으로서 우리에게 가능한 삶과 미래를 박탈하는 사태이다. 그래서 우리의 생활세계와 생활형식에서 조우하는 죽음은 나쁘다. 인류로서 우리는 에피쿠로스와 루크레티우스의 견해에 동의할 수 있지만, 주체적 개인으로서 우리는 이들과 견해를 함께 할 수 없다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2005

In this study, the authors investigated whether death of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) had a pathological pertinence. Conditioned media obtained from rat aorta smooth muscle cell (SMC) that were induced death by expressing FADD in the absence of tetracycline (FADD-SMC) triggered death of normal SMC. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation were observed in dying SMC by conditioned media. FADD-SMC showed transcriptional activation of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. Conditioned medium contained $TNF-{\alpha}$, indicating secretion of the cytokine from dying FADD-SMC. It was investigated if secreted $TNF-{\alpha}$ was functional. Conditioned medium activated ERK and p38 MAPK pathways and induced MMP-9 expression, whereas depletion of the cytokine with its soluble receptor (sTNFR) remarkably inhibited induction of MMP-9 by conditioned medium. These findings suggest that $TNF-{\alpha}$ in conditioned medium seems to be active. Then, contribution of $TNF-{\alpha}$ on death-inducing activity of conditioned medium was examined. Depletion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ with soluble $TNF-{\alpha}$ receptor decreased the death activity of conditioned medium by 35%, suggesting that $TNF-{\alpha}$ play a partial role in the death activity. Boiling of medium almost completely abolished the death-inducing activity, suggesting that other heat labile death inducing proteins existed in conditioned medium. Taken together, these results indicate that SMC undergoing death could contribute to inflammation by expressing inflammatory cytokines and pathological complications by inducing death of neighboring cells.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 노인들의 인식된 짐스러움이 죽음불안에 미치는 영향력과 이 두 변수와의 관계에서 영성이 매개효과로 작용하는지 탐색하는 것이다. 본 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인의 인식된 짐스러움은 불안에 이르는 경로와 영성이 죽음불안에 이르는 경로, 인식된 짐스러움이 죽음불안에 이르는 경로 모두에서 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 노인의 인식된 짐스러움이 높을수록 죽음불안이 높아졌고, 영성이 높을수록 죽음불안을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 인식된 짐스러움이 죽음불안에 직접 영향을 미치는 경로와 인식된 짐스러움이 영성을 통해 죽음불안에 영향을 미치는 간접경로를 가정한 부분매개모형과 간접 경로만을 가정한 완전매개모형에서 영성의 매개효과는 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 인식된 짐스러움과 죽음불안과의 관계에서 인식된 짐스러움이 죽음불안에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만 영성을 매개로 하여 간접적으로 미치는 영향력이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 죽음불안을 낮추기 위해서는 영성의 사회복지 실천적 개입이 중요하다는 점을 밝혔고 이 결과에 근거하여 실천적 제언을 하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.227-238
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the official death registry in rural area. The base data used for the study was 379 deaths registered during the period of 1993 and 1994 in 4 rural townships of Chonnam province. The interview survey for cause-of-death was performed on the next of kin and/or neighbor. Additional medical informations were collected from hospitals and medical insurance associations for the purpose of verification. The underlying cause-of-death of 278 cases presumed by the survey was compared to the cause on official death registry. There was a prominent disagreement of cause-of-death between the survey data and the registry data(agreement rate: $38.9\sim44.6%$, according to disease classification method). These results may be caused by extremely low rates of physicians' certification, which were mostly confined to the poisoning and injury. Symptoms, signs, and ill defined conditions on death registry could be classified into circulatory disease(32.3%), neoplasm(21.2%), digestive disease(7.1%), injury and poisoning(7.1%) and so on. These results suggest that careful attention and verification be required on utilization of death registry data in rural area.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care among paramedic students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 196 paramedic students in D university college in J city from November 2011 to November 2014. The study instruments included death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care. Data were analyzed by t test, ANOVA, post hoc $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS v. 20.0. Results: According to a stepwise regression on the factors influencing attitudes towards end-of-life care, 80.4% of variance (F=161.360, p<.001) was explained by experience of death, hospices knowledge, disappearance of death anxiety, satisfaction with relationships (${\geq}2$) and student attitude toward end-of-life care. In addition, 44.1% of the variance (F=39.434, p<.001) was explained by experience of death, satisfaction with relationship(${\leq}4$), warning of others about death anxiety, and family attitude towards end-of-life care. Conclusion: The attitude towards end-of-life care was influenced by hospices knowledge and death anxiety in paramedic students. It is necessary to provide training in understanding attitudes towards death anxiety and end-of-life care. An effective educational program should be developed and implemented among paramedic students to improve their awareness of death and anxiety hospices knowledge.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was a descriptive research study that investigates nurses' beliefs concerning death anxiety and spirituality. Method: The subjects were 150 nurses working at general hospitals located in Busan city. Data collection was carried out from October 15 to November 30, 2008. The study used a 'Death Anxiety Scale' and a 'Korean Spirituality Scale.' The collected data was analyzed for frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient with the SPSS/WIN 17.0. Result: The level of death anxiety of the subjects averaged 3.25. In each sub-factor, 'awareness of shortness of time' was the highest at 3.57 points. Spirituality level of the subjects averaged 3.51. In each sub-factor, meaning and purpose of life was the highest at 3.70 points. In differences of death anxiety followed by general characteristics, there were significant differences according to age, and educational level. For spirituality, followed by general characteristics, there were significant differences according to age, educational level, religion, working period, and understanding about death and spirituality. There was a weak inverse correlation among fear for accidents involved with death, total spirituality level and meaning, and purpose of life. Conclusion: Future research should examine relations between nurses' death anxiety and spirituality level through random sampling and research to check psychological and social variables that influence death anxiety and spirituality. Development of a program to lessen nurses' death anxiety and to raise their spirituality level would be prudent.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 1997

Even though both N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine have been widely used to establish the experimental model for dopaminergic neuronal ce ll death. mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been firmly explored. To investigate how these dopaminergic neurotoxins induce neuronal cell death, murine dopaminergic neuronal cell line, MN9D cells were treated with various concentration of either 6-hydroxydopamine or active form of MPTP, N methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP$^+$). Treatment of cells with 5-100 uM 6-hydroxydopamine resulted in apoptotic cell death whereas cell death induced by 5~50 uM MPP$^+$ was not demonstrated typical apoptotic characteristics such as cell shrinkage, apoptotic body and nuclear condensation. Cell death induced by 6-hydroxydopamine was partially blocked in the presence of antioxidants including soluble form of vitamin E or desferrioxamine suggesting that generation of oxidative stress may be associated with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death in MN9D cells. In contrast, MPP$^+$-induced cell death was not blocked by treatment with any of antioxidants tested. As previously demonstrated that MPP$^+$ caused metabolic alterations such as glucose metabolism, removal of glucose from the medium partially inhibited MPP$^+$-induced cell death suggesting excessive cycles of glycolysis may be associated with MPP$^+$-induced cell death. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that two types of dopaminergic neurotoxins recruit distinct neuronal cell death pathways.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.37-47
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the influences of attitude to death and resilience on terminal care attitude among Korean nursing students. Methods: Participants were 230 nursing undergraduates from two nursing schools in Korea. The students responded to a self-report questionnaire that included demographics, attitude to death, resilience, and terminal care attitude. Results: The majority of the participants who had undertaken a clinical practicum had experienced the death of a patient during their clinical placements but had not yet received any support from their instructors or professionals, but also academic training on patients' death or terminal care. The mean score of terminal care of the students who had death-related education was significantly higher than among those who had not. Regression analysis indicated that attitude to death, grade, and resilience were the most significant predictors of terminal care attitude. These explained 30.3% of their terminal care attitude. Conclusion: Death-related education is needed throughout the curriculum including not only death but also resilience to develop emotional competences. In this way, nursing undergraduates will be better prepared to cope positively and constructively with the suffering and death they encounter, and thus may minimize the distress they experience in the patients' dying process. It may also create a significant positive increase in their terminal care attitude.