• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.343-357
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• 1994

Current commercial dairy feed has various problems in low feed productivity, inadequate formulation and higher feeding cost due to excessive capital investment and non-specialized system for the end product. To solve those problems, 6 TMR terminal models were developed in this study. The developed TMR terminal system consists of TMR terminal, TMR main center and combined system linked TMR terminal and TMR main center. 15 TMR main center models were developed to support 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 TMR terminal(30 ton/day basis) by 3 different types, and evaluated for capital investment and operation cost by the analysis of the newly developed computer program. Optimum model size is analyzed and suggested for each model. Followings are summary of this study : 1. The capital investment costs of TMR main centers were 1,600 to 3,800 million won for type 1, 2,200 to 4,500 million won for type 2 and 2,200 to 4,800 million won for type 3. Also model MACE30 or bigger were justified as the economical models. 2. The feed production costs of TMR main center models were 3,166 to 4,824 won/ton for type 1, 3,816 to 6,182 won/ton for type 2 and 3,990 to 6,263 won/ton for type 3. So feed production cost range was 3,166 to 6,263 won/ton. 3. The bigger production capacity, the less TMR main center production cost. The feed production cost of the biggest model MACE50 was 62~65% of smallest model MACE10.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2021

This study investigated the possibility of performing selection using 30-month carcass traits by estimating the genetic parameters of 24- and 30-month carcass traits. Data used in this study were the carcass traits of 13,151 heads slaughter at the age of 24 and 30 months. As a result of the study, the heritability of backfat thickness, carcass weight, eye muscle area and marbling score at 24 months of age were estimated to be 0.588, 0.354, 0.467 and 0.587, respectively. The heritability of backfat thickness, carcass weight, eye muscle area and marbling score at 30 months of age were estimated to be 0.498, 0.577, 0.505 and 0.530, respectively. The ranking correlation was 0.516 between the carcass selection indices of 24 and 30 months of age. By providing a 30-month selection index, it is possible to use semen suitable for farm profits, and more semen information can be provided to farms than previously. Furthermore, studies on a selection index based on 30-month carcass traits are needed to provide highly accurate information.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 1988

A study was conducted to improve breeding efficiency of dairy and beef cows on Cheju Island. Milk progesterone and plasma progesterone profiles were determined by using radioimmunoassay techniques during the oestrus cycle, onset on oestrus and during the gestation period. Progesterone connections in milk were very low during the oestrus with a means value of 2.4ng/ml and 4.6ng/ml at the onset of oestrus but gradually declined at 4 to 9 hr after oestrus. In the cyclic cow, milk progesterone concentraitons in the early part of the cycle, ranged from 3 to 5ng/ml and increased from 6.0 to 11.6ng/ml on day 13 to 21 of cycle. Milk progesterone concentrations of pregnancy cows ranged from 5.0 to 40ng/ml during the gestation and grom basal line to 3.5ng/ml for nonpregnant cows. Plasma progesterone concentrations of beef during pregnancy period ranged form 3.0 to 33ng/ml and basal levels ranged from 0 to less than 2.5ng/ml for non-pregnant beef cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2003

The aim of this paper was to use the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), that reports diet energy and protein value and animal requirements, as net energy for lactation ($NE_1$) and metabolizable protein (MP) respectively, to evaluate some rations for lactating Italian Mediterranean buffaloes. The investigation was carried out on six farms in the province of Caserta (southern Italy), where the milk production was controlled four times monthly on 10 animals (changing every time) chosen at different lactation days (5 categories): <2 months (A), 2-4 months (B), 4-6 months (C), 6-8 months (D), >8 months (E). Milk fat and protein were determined. Diet $NE_1$ and MP were estimated with the CPM-Dairy program (1998) using diet component chemical characteristics; then energy and protein intakes were estimated. $NE_1$ and MP requirements were estimated with two methods: 1) using CPM-Dairy that considers produced milk, fat and protein content, lactation phase and body condition score as main factors; 2) by applying the theory that to produce 1 kg of energy corrected milk, the buffalo needs 3.56 MJ of $NE_1$ and the efficiency to convert the absorbed aminoacids into milk protein is lower than cow (CNCPS). As regards energy, with method 1 the requirements were satisfactory starting from category A (4 out of 6 farms) and category B (5/6 farms); however, a surplus resulted for category E (5/6 farms). With method 2 a deficit in category A (5/6 farms) and B (3/6 farms) was observed, while the energy requirements were satisfied for all categories except E, where on only one buffalo farm had a surplus of energy intake. As regards protein, with method 1 the requirements were substantially satisfied for all the categories except E (3/6 farms); with method 2 the MP trend was much less favourable than with method 1. Indeed, a protein deficit was observed for all animals in categories A and B (5/6 farms). Moreover, on one farm the protein intake never satisfied animal requirements. In our experimental conditions, the use of the CNCPS to characterise diets for lactating buffalo and to calculate their requirements led to satisfactory results. By contrast, we cannot say the same for method 2, which applies a lower use efficiency of NE and MP for lactation in buffalo compared to cow.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.640-647
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• 2008

Breed differences in adult animals are determined during fetal development. If interventions are to be developed that influence growth of muscle and fat, it is important to know at which time during gestation breed differences appear and are fixed. The objective of this study was to characterize fetal development in cattle of different breeds. Pregnant cows of 4 cattle breeds with different growth impetus and muscularity were slaughtered under normal processing conditions and the fetuses were removed. German Angus, a typical beef cattle; Galloway, a smaller, environmentally resistant beef type; Holstein Friesian, a dairy type; and Belgian Blue, an extreme type for muscle growth were used. Fetuses of each breed were investigated at 3, 6, and 9 mo of gestation. Fetuses were weighed and dissected into carcass, organs, and muscles. Body fat weight was obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method. Fetal weight increased most rapidly in the third trimester of gestation mainly due to the accelerated muscle and fat deposition. The organ weight to body weight (BW) ratios decreased and the muscle and fat weight to BW ratios increased. At 3 mo of gestation, Galloway fetuses had the significantly smallest BW, half-carcass weight, leg weight, organ weight, muscle weight and shortest leg length. In contrast, Holstein fetuses had the significantly greatest BW, liver, kidney, and lung weights and significantly longest leg length among the 4 breeds, but no differences between Holstein Friesian and Belgian Blue were detected in half-carcass and leg weight. Indeed, Belgian Blue fetuses had the significantly greatest half-carcass weight, leg weight, and muscle weight at 9 mo of gestation, and Galloway had a significantly greater body fat to BW ratio than Holstein Friesian and Belgian Blue. These differences were not evident at 3 and 6 mo of gestation. These data show that the profound increase of tissue and organ weights occurred in later gestation in cattle fetuses even though breed differences were evident as early as 3 mo of gestation. Depending on the tissue of interest, impacting fetal growth likely needs to occur early in gestation before the appearance of breed-specific differences.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.25-43
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• 2010

The objectives of this study are to estimate the number of employed persons related to agriculture in agribusiness, to determine any factors affecting changes in employed persons, based on the Input-Output Tables in 1995, 2000, and 2005. The number of employed persons related to Crops in the input industry of agriculture was 184,076 in 1995, 186,616 in 2000, and 193,394 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Agriculture, forestry and fishing related services, Wholesale and retail trade, Fertilizers and agricultural chemicals, and Forest products, etc. The number of employed persons related to Animals in the input industry of agriculture was 46,6166 in 1995, 28,886 in 2000, and 35,714 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Wholesale and retail trade, Prepared livestock feeds, Agriculture, forestry and fishing related services, and Forest products, etc. The number of employed persons related to Crops in post-farm gate industries was 184,076 in 1995, 186,616 in 2000, and 193,394 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Accommodation and food services, Other food products, Wholesale and retail trade, and Polished grains, flour and milled cereals, etc. The number of employed persons related to Animals in the post-farm gate industries was 184,076 in 1995, 186,616 in 2000, and 193,394 in 2005. The sectors with higher number of employed persons were in; Meat and dairy products, Wholesale and retail trade, Accommodation and food services, and Land transport, etc. In 2005, the number of employed persons related to agriculture in agribusiness per 1,000 employed persons in agriculture was 211, in the input industries in agriculture it was 53, and in the post-farm gate industries it was 158.gribusiness.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.30-34
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• 2019

Milk fever is a metabolic disease with manifestation of clinical signs due to hypocalcemia, which usually occurs within 48-72 h after delivery. However, even after a successful treatment of milk fever, recurrence of milk fever may occur, and studies on recurrent milk fever are still lacking. Accordingly, the present study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of recurrent milk fever according to farm, season, parity, and dystocia that can cause physiological changes in the mother during peri- and postpartum periods. The analysis results showed that the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to breeding farm was 5.7%-14.1% and 3.1%-7.2%, respectively, demonstrating a positive correlation between the initial and recurrent milk fever (r = 0.613, p < 0.01). With respect to season, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever during summer was 12.3% and 7.5%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of other seasons (p < 0.05). In addition, the recurrence rate, the ratio of recurrence relative to initial milk fever, was highest during summer with 62.7%. Regarding parity, the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever in 3rd parity was 11.1% and 5.8%, respectively, which was significantly higher than in 1st and 2nd parity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the recurrence rate in 4th parity was 64.1%, showing a pattern of increase in incidence rate with increase in parity. Finally, there were no differences in the incidence rate of initial and recurrent milk fever according to eutocia and dystocia. The findings indicated that the incidence rate of initial milk fever should be reduced to effectively prevent the recurrent milk fever, while animals with 3rd parity or higher should be expected to occur high rate of recurrent milk fever, especially during summer, and the necessary preparations should be made for intensive treatment of such individuals.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1977

미생물에 의해 오염된 목장우유에 과산화수소를 0.01%에서 0.05% 범위내에서 첨가하고 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 16시간동안 보관하면서 생균수, 잔여 과산화수소량, 유산의 생성 등을 측정해 보았다. 시험된 조건하에서 0.01, 0.02, 0.03%의 과산화수소 처리는 우유속의 생균수를 각각 8, 12, 16시간동안 시초의 오염정도 이하로 유지시킬 수 있었다. 그뿐 아니라 처리한 과산화수소의 농도를 0.03% 이하로 제한했을 때는 catalase의 첨가 없이도 과산화수소가 우유속에서 12시간 이내에 완전히 자연 분해되었으며 그 분해시간은 첨가된 과산화수소의 농도의 감소에 따라 단축되었다. 이런 결과를 토대로 삼아 과산화수소의 첨가량을 줄이므로써 목장우유의 일시적 보관을 위한 보다 안전한 과산화수소의 처리법을 논의하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2016

원유중의 아플라톡신 M₁의 오염도를 측정한 결과, 일부 지역 원유 중, 일반수준으로 관리한 지역의 집합유, HACCP으로 지정되어 관리되는 농가의 집합유, 아플라톡신 M₁ 저감화 배합사료를 제공한 지역의 집합유를 검체로 하여 1년간 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 모니터링을 실시한 결과, 일반적인 관리를 통해 집유된 집합유의 평균검출농도는 0.023±0.005 μg/l, HACCP 지정관리를 통해 집유된 집합유의 평균검출농도는 0.017±0.004 μg/l 그리고 저감화배합사료 제공을 통해 집유된 집합유의 평균검출농도는 0.013±0.003 μg/l으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 3개 지역 모두 한국이나 미국 그리고 유럽에서 정한 아플라톡신 M₁의 기준치 이하로 검출되었으며, 저감화 배합사료를 제공한 농가의 아플라톡신 M₁수준이 가장 적게 검출되었다. 아플라톡신 M₁의 특성으로서 사료공급상태에 따른 평균검출농도가 계절별로 차이가 나는 경향을 보이며, 3가지 실험군에서 공통적으로 여름철에 비해 겨울철 아플라톡신 M₁ 수준이 가장 높게 검출되었다. 이는 겨울철 사료의 관리미흡과 더불어 사료 보관기간이 늘어나며 일반배합사료의 섭취량이 증가되고 장기화됨에 따라, 젖소에서의 아플라톡신 B₁의 양이 농축되어 결과적으로 아플라톡신 M₁ 수준이 증가된 것으로 판단된다. 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 낮출 수 있는 가장 직접적인 방법으로는 곰팡이 독소를 흡착하게 하는 배합사료를 공급하여 원유로 아플라톡신 M₁이 전이되지 못하도록 하는 것으로써 일반수준으로 관리한 농가의 집합유에 비해 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 효율적이고 경제적인 측면을 고려하여 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 낮출 수 있는 가장 효과적인 방안은 HACCP 지정관리를 통한 농가 및 사료의 관리라 할 수 있다. 또한 보다 실질적인 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 감소시키기 위해서는 정부의 제도적인 지원과 낙농업계의 관리 및 농가의 철저한 위생관리가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.677-685
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine ammonium chloride tolerance of lactating dairy cows, by examining effects of negative dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum and urine minerals, serum metabolites and enzymes of lactating dairy cows. Methods: Four primiparous lactating Chinese Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were infused with increasing amounts (0, 150, 300, or 450 g/d) of ammonium chloride in a crossover design. The DCAD of the base diet was 279 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) using the DCAD formula (Na + K - Cl - S)/kg of DM. Ammonium chloride infusion added the equivalent of 0, 128, 330, and 536 mEq/kg DM of Cl in treatments. According to the different dry matter intakes (DMI), the resulting actual DCAD of the four treatments was 279, 151, -51, and -257 mEq/kg DM, respectively. Results: DMI decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Concentrations of milk protein and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Concentration of Cl- in serum increased linearly and concentration of PO43- in serum increased quadratically as DCAD decreased. Urine pH decreased linearly and calculated urine volume increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Linear increases in daily urinary excretion of $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, urea N, and ammonium were observed as DCAD decreased. Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase in serum and urea N concentration in serum increased linearly as DCAD decreased. Conclusion: In conclusion, negative DCAD induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion resulted in a metabolic acidosis, had a negative influence on performance, and increased serum enzymes indicating potential liver and kidney damage in lactating dairy cows. Daily ammonium chloride intake by lactating dairy cows should not exceed 300 g, and 150 g/d per cow may be better.