• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2005

인도페놀 적정법을 이용하여 성장기용 조제식 중 비타민 C 함량을 측정하는 과정 중의 측정불확도를 추정하기 위하여 분석결과에 영향을 주는 인자들을 파악하고 각각의 불확도를 산출하였으며, 불확도의 계산은 GUM(Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement)과 Draft EURACHEM CITAC Guide에 근거한 수학적 계산 및 통계처리 방법에 의해 처리하였다. 인도페놀 적정법에 의한 비타민 C 함량 측정시 measurand상의 uncertainty source로서 표준품 순도, 표준품 무게, 표준품 최종전량, 적정에 사용된 표준용액 부피, 인도페놀 용액에 의한 표준용액 적정, 시료의 무게, 시료의 최종전량, 적정에 사용된 시험용액, 인도페놀 용액에 의한 시험용액 적정 등이 작용하였으며, uncertainty source에 영향을 주는 세부인자인 uncertainty parameter로서는 저울의 안정성, 분해능, 재현성, 1 mL 피펫, 5 mL마이크로피펫, 100 mL 메스플라스크의 눈금읽기, 내부교정 등이 작용하였다. 소급성 유지를 위해 비타민 C 함량과 측정불확도가 보장된 인증표준물질인 Infant Formula SRM 1846을 사용하여 비타민 C 함량을 측정한 결과값은 $108.4{\pm}1.7mg/100g$로 인증값인 비타민 C 함량 $114.6{\pm}6.6mg/100g$의 범위내로 측정되었으며, CRM에서 보장된 균일성과 실험오차를 고려하면 유사한 결과가 산출되었음을 알 수 있다(p<0.05). 이와 같은 소급성 검증 후 시중에 유통 중인 성장기용조제식의 비타민 C 함량을 분석하기 위하여 시료량을 달리 하여 측정불확도를 계산한 결과, 본 연구에서는 시료를 최소한 5g은 취해야 결과값 및 측정불확도가 $56.7{\pm}2.44mg/100g$으로서 5%이하로 측정불확도를 유 지할 수 있었다. 이와 같이 측정불확도를 고려하여 서로 상이한 분석방법간의 신뢰성을 비교 검증하여야 하며, 획일적으로 단순히 적정법과 HPLC법을 비교해서는 다소 무리가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서와 같이 측정불확도를 고려하여 분석에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인들을 최소화한다면 HPLC와 같은 고가의 정밀분석기기를 구비하지 못한 실험실에서도 인도페놀 적정법에 의한 비타민 C 분석방법을 이용하여 신뢰성있는 측정결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2004

국내에서 다양한 용도의 식품용기로 사용되고 있는 재생 플라스틱 (일명 다라이) 제품을 23개 회사로부터 수집하여 그 재질을 파악하고 국내 기준 규격에의 적합성 여부와 안전성을 파악하고자 하였다. 다라이 재질을 FT-IR과 DSC로 분석한 결과 대부분의 시료에서 PE의 특징적 피크를 포함하였고, EA 분석 결과 PE과 마찬가지로 C와 H의 비율이 1:2로 나타났다. 그리고 페놀과 포름알데히드는 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았고, 항산화제로서 Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 및 Irganox 1330 등이 검출되었다. 중금속에 대한 재질 실험에서는 총 23개 시료 중 7개 시료에서 기준치를 초과하는 100 mg/kg이상의 납 함량을 나타내었다. 현재 식품공전 상에는 다라이와 같은 재생 플라스틱에 대한 기준과 규격이 설정되어 있지 않은 상태이다. 따라서 식품용기로서 다라이를 사용하기 위해서는 엄격한 관리 방안이 강구되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2016

Kefir, originating from Caucasus, is an acidic, alcoholic fermented milk product with little acidic taste and a creamy consistency. It is recognized in having beneficial effects infor the prevention and treatment of cancer. For example, Kefir has possesses a chemopreventative effect on carcinogenesis. There has recently been a strong focus on fermented milk foods containing a mixture of several functional organic substances and various probiotic microorganisms. Hence, the purpose of this review paper was to evaluate the scientific evidence for the effects of kefir on cancer prevention and treatment. Some of we analyzed and summarized data-relating to the effects of kefir on cancer. The cacers that kefir has an effect on are as follows: colon cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, skin cancer, gastric cancer. This review suggests that (1) kefir could be associated with cancer prevention, (2) kefir has beneficial effects in cancer treatment, and (3) kefir has various bioactive components including peptides, polysaccharides and sphingolipids, which contribute tofor itsthese anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, furthermore, studies were performed in order to obtain as to get the scientific evidence of kefir's anticancer activity: (1) improved protective effectiveness in vivo (human subjects or animal model), (2) isolation and identification of various bioactive components, and (3) mechanisms associated with beneficial effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum level of the rumen protected lysine (RPLys) for early lactating Holstein dairy cow. This experiment was carried out with 16 Holstein dairy cows for 106 days and consisted of 4 treatments : $T_1$ (RPLys 0%), $T_2$ (RPLys 0.1%), $T_3$ (RPLys 0.2%) and $T_4$ (RPLys 0.3%). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. The daily intakes of feed were similar among treatments, but the digestibility of crude protein tended to increase 0.5-5.0% with increased level of RPLys and also the crude fiber digestibility increased (p < 0.05). 2. The daily weight gain for cows in $T_1$ was 253 g, which was lower than any other treatments (p < 0.05). The highest was 521 g in $T_3$. Also, the body condition score was changed from 3.22 at initial to 3.45 at final. The lowest increase in body condition score as 0.09 was obtained in control and the highest as 0.60 in $T_3$ (p < 0.01). 3. The total milk production of groups $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ were higher than $T_1$, as well as total protein, total fat and total solid yield. Especially in $T_4$ treatment group milk yield was higher than other treatments. The content of fat was higher in $T_2$ and $T_4$ compared to other treatments. Other components of milk were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The persistencies of lactation were increased in all RPLys treatments, especially, rate of reduction in milk yield was lowest in $T_4$ (p < 0.05). 4. The total amino acid content in the plasma, as well as plasma lysine content showed no consistent trend with treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1225-1233
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• 2017

Objective: Calving ease (CE) is a complex reproductive trait of economic importance in dairy cattle. This study was aimed to investigate the genetic merits of CE for Holsteins in Korea. Methods: A total of 297,614 field records of CE, from 2000 to 2015, from first parity Holstein heifers were recorded initially. After necessary data pruning such as age at first calving (18 to 42 mo), gestation length, and presence of sire information, final datasets for CE consisted of 147,526 and 132,080 records for service sire calving ease (SCE) and daughter calving ease (DCE) evaluations, respectively. The CE categories were ordered and scores ranged from CE1 to CE5 (CE1, easy; CE2, slight assistance; CE3, moderate assistance; CE4, difficult calving; CE5, extreme difficulty calving). A linear transformation of CE score was obtained on each category using Snell procedure, and a scaling factor was applied to attain the spread between 0 (CE5) and 100% (CE1). A sire-maternal grandsire model analysis was performed using ASREML 3.0 software package. Results: The estimated direct heritability ($h^2$) from SCE and DCE evaluations were $0.11{\pm}0.01$ and $0.08{\pm}0.01$, respectively. Maternal $h^2$ estimates were $0.05{\pm}0.02$ and $0.04{\pm}0.01$ from SCE and DCE approaches, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between direct and maternal genetic components were $-0.68{\pm}0.09$ (SCE) and $-0.71{\pm}0.09$ (DCE). The average direct genetic effect increased over time, whereas average maternal effect was low and consistent. The estimated direct predicted transmitting ability (PTA) was desirable and increasing over time, but the maternal PTA was undesirable and decreasing. Conclusion: The evidence on sufficient genetic variances in this study could reflect a possible selection improvement over time regarding ease of calving. It is expected that the estimated genetic parameters could be a valuable resource to formulate sire selection and breeding plans which would be directed towards the reduction of calving difficulty in Korean Holsteins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2006

Although it has traditionally known that deer antler and medicinal herbs extract contain some functional components for health promotion, the nutritional significance remains to be elucidated. This study examined the efficacy of deer antler extract (DA) , medicinal herbs extract (MH) and their mixture (DAMH) on serum IGF-I, bone growth with growing rats in vivo and splenocyte proliferation with spleen cells in vitro. Three week-old young female rats (Sprague-Dawley) were divided into 4 groups and then fed basal diet (AIN-93G) or experimental diets containing DA, MH, DAMH, respectively, for 7 weeks. We collected blood, liver, kidney, spleen, femur and tibia from rats. There was no significant difference in weight gain, but food intake increased in DA- and MH-fed groups. There were no signs of liver and kidney damage in the DA, MH and DAMH-fed groups compared to basal diet group. In femur and tibia, wet weights: breaking forces and bone minerals (Ca, Mg and Zn) were significantly higher in the DA-fed group than in the other groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activities were significantly lower in the DA, MH, DAMH-fed groups than in basal diet group. Also, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations were significantly increased in DA-fed group compared to the other groups. Therefore DA was shown to have an activity of bone growth promotion by increasing the IGF-I, a major bone growth factor. The deer antler extract showed an enhanced immune action on the primary cultured-cells from spleen of rats, representing that splenocytes were proliferated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but not by concanavalin A (Con A). These results indicate that deer antler extract has beneficial effects on bone growth via IGF-I and on splenocyte activation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.807-817
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• 2008

Steers with ad libitum access to rice straw were assigned to four diets to evaluate the effects of maize or soybean hull supplementation on intake, in vivo digestibility, ruminal pH, VFA, ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and in situ ruminal disappearance of feed nutrients by cattle consuming rice straw. Supplement treatments were: no supplement (RS); soybean meal at 0.127% BW (SBM); cracked maize at 0.415% BW plus 0.044% BW soybean meal (MAIZE); or soybean hulls at 0.415% BW plus 0.044% BW soybean meal (HULLS). The MAIZE and HULLS diets were formulated to provide approximately 4 MJ of $NE_m$ per kg of diet. Rice straw DMI was not affected (p = 0.34) by supplement. Apparent dry matter (DM) digestibility was greater (p<0.001) for MAIZE and HULLS (56.6 and 60.0%, respectively) than for steers consuming SBM or RS (51.8 and 44.4%, respectively). Apparent NDF digestibility was greater (p<0.0004) for HULLS than MAIZE (61.7 vs. 58.0%, respectively) and apparent ADF digestibility was greater (p<0.0008) for HULLS than MAIZE (61.1 vs. 49.2%, respectively). There was no difference in apparent hemicellulose digestibility (p = 0.43). Analysis of ruminal fluid collected 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post-feeding revealed ammonia-nitrogen was greatest (p<0.05) for steers on SBM and HULLS diets at 2 h (24.08 and 22.57 mg/dl, respectively) and total volatile fatty acids was greatest (p<0.05) for HULLS at 4 h (230 mM/L). In situ disappearance, measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 and 24 h, indicated that SBM, MAIZE and HULLS tended to enhance the digestibility of DM and fiber components of rice straw. In situ disappearance of rice straw DM was greatest for SBM and/or HULLS from 4 to 24 h (p = 0.03). Rice straw NDF and ADF disappearance was enhanced by supplementation from 16 to 24 h (p<0.02). Rice straw DM, NDF and ADF disappearances at 24 h were similar for MAIZE and HULLS treatments. When feeding cattle rice straw diets, energy and protein-based supplements are essential. This study showed that fiber-based supplements are just as, if not more, effective as starch-based supplements in rice straw utilization. This study shows that soybean hulls, in spite of their high fiber content, are as efficient as maize for supplementing rice straw primarily because fiber in soybean hulls is highly digestible as shown by in vivo digestibility and in situ disappearance.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.487-493
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• 1998

본 연구는 국내에서 수확한 양조용 Seibel 백포도품종을 이용, S. cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae+Schizosaccharomyces pombe의 혼합 균주, Sch. pombe를 포도즙에 접종하여 $12^{\circ}C$에서 발효시켰을 때 화학성분 변화와 효모의 생균수를 측정하였다. S. cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae+Sch. pombe, Sch. pombe를 포도즙에 접종하여 사과산의 변화를 측정한 결과 사과산의 감소는 발효 4일부터 시작되어, 발효 말기에는 Sch. pombe가 56% 이상의 사과산을 감소시켰다. 젖산의 함량은 발효가 진행됨에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. S. cerevisiae, S. cerevisiae+Sch. pombe, Sch. pombe의 알코올의 생성량은 각각 11.5%, 11.2%, 10.0%로서 Sch. pombe가 S. cerevisiae보다 발효 속도가 약간 느린 것으로 나타났다. 관능검사 결과 색, 뒷맛, 향, 전체적인 기호도에서 각 균주 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 맛에 있어서 Sch. pombe가 S. cerevisiae보다 높은 점수를 나타내었다(P<0.05).

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effects of recombinant BST formulation treatment on the milk yield, milk components, mastitis, and general cow health condition when the formulations of retinyl palmitate, cholecalciferol and rBST were administered after the peak period of milk production. The milk yields of treatment groups (Group I, II, III and IV) were increased from 21.5% to 29.0% than that of control group. There was significant difference in milk production between treatment group II, IV and control group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in milk production between treatment group I, III and control group (P<0.05). And the addition of retinyl palmitate and cholecalciferol into rBST formulation did not increase the milk yield. The milk of treatment groups with sustained-release rBST did not show significant difference in milk components (milk fat, protein, lactose, and solid not fat). However, there were minor changes, primarily in fat content of milk, during the first few weeks of rBST administration. There was no incidence of clinical mastitis between rBST treatment groups and control group. Addition of high and medium concentration of retinyl palmitate and cholecalciferol into sustained-release rBST formulation was efficient in reduction of somatic cell count in milk. There was great energy deficit in all treatment groups compared with control group during the early study period. Thus, the body condition score of all treatment groups showed lower value than control group. No evidences of metabolic health problems, such as ketosis, milk fever, and downer cow were observed. Incidence of general lameness did not appear on all treatment groups during 140 days of this study.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1610-1610
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• 2001

Microbiological examination of silage is of little value in gauging the outcome of silage, and so chemical analysis is more reliable and meaningful indicator of quality. On the other hand chemical assessments of the principal fermentation products provide an unequivocal basis on which to judge quality. Livestock require energy, protein, minerals and vitamins from their food. While fresh forages provide these essential items, conserved forages on the other hand may be deficient in one or more of them. The aim of the conservation process is to preserve as many of the original nutrients as possible, particularly energy and protein components (Woolford, 1984). Silage fermentation is important to preservation of forage with respect of feeding value and animal performance. Chemical and bacteriological changes in the silo during the fermentation process can affect adversely nutrient yield and quality (Moe and Carr, 1984). Many of the important chemical components of silage must be assayed in fresh or by extraction of the fresh material, since drying either by heat or lyophilisation, volatilises components such as acids or nitrogenous components, or effects conversion to other compounds (Abrams et al., 1987). Maize silage dorms the basis of winter rations for the vast majority of dairy and beef cattle production in Uruguay. Since nutrient intake, particularly energy, from forages is influenced by both voluntary dry matter intake and digestibility; there is a need for a rapid technique for predicting these parameters in farm advisory systems. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating chemical constituents in cereals and dried forages. For many years NIRS was applied to assess chemical composition in dry materials (Norris et al., 1976, Flinn et al., 1992; Murray, 1993, De Boever et al., 1996, De la Roza et al., 1998). The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the potential of NIRS to assess the chemical composition of dried maize samples and (2) to attempt calibrations on undried samples either for farm advisory systems or for animal nutrition research purposes in Uruguay. NIRS were used to assess the chemical composition of whole - plant maize silage samples (Zea mays, L). A representative population of samples (n = 350) covering a wide distribution in chemical characteristics were used. Samples were scanned at 2 nm intervals over the wavelength range 400-2500 nm in a NIRS 6500 (NIRSystems, Silver Spring, MD, USA) in reflectance mode. Cross validation was used to avoid overfitting of the equations. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The calibration statistics were R$^2$ 0. 86 (SECV: 11.4), 0.90 (SECV: 5.7), 0.90 (SECV: 16.9) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) in g kg$\^$-1/ on dry matter, respectively for maize silage samples. This work demonstrates the potential of NIRS to analyse whole - maize silage in a wide range of chemical characteristics for both advisory farm and nutritive evaluation.