• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.41-60
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• 1971

The author prepared a tuberculin sample using synthetic medium for the test material in this experiment. For the test animals, guinea pigs, healthy calf sensitized with heat killed tubercle bacilli, naturally infected dairy cattle, goat, and calf were used. A reduced reactivity to tuberculin was observed when the second tuberculin test was done within 28 days after the first. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The experimental HCSM tuberculin was shown the similar activities as the control products of standard tuberculin. 2. The potency of the experimental tuberculin preserved at $5^{\circ}C$ in refrigerator maintained the activity for three years. 3. By the intradermal test, the experimental tuberculin was proved to be specific to detect tuberculous dairy cattles and goats. 4. The appearance of skin reaction to tuberculin in naturally infected dairy cattles, goat and beef cattles was soft and diffuse swellings or circumscribed swellings accompanied by induration. 5. In the case of observing tuberculous dairy cattles, goats and beef cattles, as the criterion of the reaction to the caudal fold test, results were taken as positive when findings are either hard and circumscribed or soft and diffuse swellings of 3 mm at least in size. 6. The acid fast organisms isolated from tuberculin positive animals were identified mostly as M. tuberculosis var. bovis. 7. When the tuberculin test was repeated in the tuberculin positive animals, the reactivity decreased rapidly, lasting 4 weeks at least.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.1049-1059
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional content of bullfrog meat from different parts of the animal, including fore-chest, thigh and calf. Bullfrog meat was found to be a rich source of proteins, essential amino acids and minerals, but with a low fat content, compared with other aquatic meat products. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between thigh and calf in mineral content (K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn), but the contents of K, P, and Mg were higher in thigh and calf than in the fore-chest (p<0.05). The salt-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble protein bands in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis, from fore-chest, thigh and calf were similar, with the most abundant bands being 35 kDa (salt-soluble protein), 35-48 kDa (water-soluble protein) and 48 kDa (insoluble protein). The results showed that the insoluble protein content in the fore-chest meat was higher than that in the thigh meat and calf meat, but the salt-soluble protein fraction was the most abundant in thigh meat. These results showed that the nutrients in different parts of bullfrog meat were different.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.376-378
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• 2009

2007년 8월 26일 생인 7개월된 숫송아지에게 음경전위술을 실시했다. 음경의 방향을 바꿔 정상적인 교미를 불가능하게 함으로써 경산우와 처녀우군에 도입이 되면 후각을 이용하여 발정을 탐지하게 되고 수의사에게 인공수정 혹은 수정란이식의 최적시간을 제공하게 될 것이다. 본 보고는 어린 숫송아지에게 실시되는 음경전위술법을 설명한 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2002

The present research was undertaken to monitor the effects of restricted and ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves. For this purpose two groups of crossbred cows having eight animals in each group were put into two plane of nutrition during their last three months of pregnancy. Dietary energy level in one group was calculated as per Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (MAFF, UK) and the cows on other group received ad. libitum feeding (concentrate level similar to MAFF, recommendation+ad. libitum roughage). After calving, the cows of both groups were given same diet (ad. libitum) to study the effect of feeding during pregnancy on subsequent lactation performance of the cows. It was observed that during pre-calving period cows on ad. libitum feeding gained significantly (p<0.05) more body weight than that of cows on restricted feeding ($38.50{\pm}6.04$ vs $21.37{\pm}8.04kg/cow$). There was no significant differences between the birth weight of calves of restricted ($21.31{\pm}2.18kg$) and ad. libitum ($20.31{\pm}3.27kg$) groups. Dietary energy intake of ad. libitum group ($50.22{\pm}4.24$ MJ ME/d/cow) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of restricted group ($39.76{\pm}1.03$ MJ ME/d/cow). During lactation period cows that were on restricted feeding produced little more milk (3.06 lit/cow/day), than that of the cows on ad. libitum feeding (2.84 lit/cow/day). Although growth rate of the calves of restricted group upto one month ($0.23{\pm}0.09kg/calf/d$) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of ad. libitum group ($0.17{\pm}0.08kg/calf/d$) but after four months the growth rate of the calves of two groups become nearly similar ($0.35{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.37{\pm}0.03kg/calf/d$) and difference between them was non-significant. During lactation period cows of restricted group gained little weight but cows of ad. libitum group lost significantly (p<0.05) more weight. Per day metabolizable energy intake in both group during lactation period was nearly similar (67.54 vs 69.58 MJ ME). It is concluded that ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy is neither economic for getting maximum milk yield nor for calf growth rate and MAFF, recommended level of dietary energy during that period could be applied on our pregnant crossbred dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

The present research was designed to evaluate the effects of pre and post-partum energy level and feeding pattern on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves under farm conditions. A total of 16 crossbred dairy cows were divided into two equal groups on the basis of their body weight and milk production. One group was given 30% less and the another was given 30% more energy than MAFF's (1984) recommendation. After calving all cows were given same ad.libitum diet to assess the effects of feeding during pregnancy on their performance. It was observed that just before calving cows on low energy group gained less (p<0.05) weight than that of the cows on high energy group (12.9$\pm$11.71 vs. 42.25$\pm$12.74 kg/cow. Birth weight of calves of low energy group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the calves of high energy group (17.87$\pm$1.78 vs. 20.73$\pm$2.24 kg/calf). Cows that were on low pre-calving dietary energy level produced less milk during lactation than the cows of high energy pre-calving group (3.45$\pm$0.75 vs. 4.27$\pm$0.79 lit./cow). No significant difference was noticed on calf growth rate and reproductive parameters of cow. Energy level that was 30 % less than MAFF's (1984) recommendation was found to be very low and not suitable for our crossbred cows during their last three months of pregnancy.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2010

본 연구는 출산 직후 송아지와의 분리에 따른 어미소의 발성음특징을 파악하고자 출산 후 이틀 이내의 홀스타인 암소 16두를 대상으로 실시하였다. 어미소와 송아지 사이의 후각적, 청각적 접촉이 가능한 경우(실험군 1)와 전혀 접촉을 하지 못하게 격리한 경우(실험군 2)로 나누어 오전 1시부터 4시까지와 오후 1시부터 4시하루 6시간 동안 3일에 걸쳐 디지털 녹음기와 지향성 마이크를 이용하여 발성음을 녹음하여 분석하였다. 어미소의 발성음은 특징에 따라 4가지 유형으로 구분되었다. 발성음의 빈도 및 스펙트로그램과 스펙트럼은 유형별로 차이가 있었으며 발성음의 주파수, 강도 및 길이 역시 차이를 보였다. 또한 날짜의 경과에 따라 어미소의 발성음은 급격하게 감소하였다. 본 연구를 통해 어미소와 송아지의 분리 여부에 따라 어미소의 발성음에는 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 발성음은 어미소와 송아지 사이 유대관계의 형성에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 매우 중요한 요인으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.447-451
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence, risk factors and consequent effect of dystocia on lactation performance in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. The data set consisted of 55,577 calving records on 30,879 Holstein cows in 30 dairy herds for the period March 2000 to April 2009. Factors affecting dystocia were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models through the maximum likelihood method in the GENMOD procedure. The effect of dystocia on lactation performance and factors affecting calf birth weight were analyzed using mixed linear model in the MIXED procedure. The average incidence of dystocia was 10.8% and the mean (SD) calf birth weight was 42.13 (5.42) kg. Primiparous cows had calves with lower body weight and were more likely to require assistance at parturition (p<0.05). Female calves had lower body weight, and had a lower odds ratio for dystocia than male calves (p<0.05). Twins had lower birth weight, and had a higher odds ratio for dystocia than singletons (p<0.05). Cows which gave birth to a calf with higher weight at birth experienced more calving difficulty (OR (95% CI) = 1.1(1.08-1.11). Total 305-d milk, fat and protein yield was 135 (23), 3.16 (0.80) and 6.52 (1.01) kg less, in cows that experienced dystocia at calving compared with those that did not (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.756-764
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• 2009

Provision of an optimal environment for the calf is critical to establishing the patterns of growth and development essential to allow the heifer to express its genetic potential for milk output and reproductive capacity during its productive life. Maternal nutrition during gestation is now recognised as a key to genetic programming in utero and this influence is extended through the complexity of hormones, growth factors and immunostimulants incorporated into colostrum and milk consumed by the neonatal calf. This natural process is most often disrupted as calves are weaned abruptly to maximise milk output for commercial exploitation. The key then is to accelerate the rate of maturation of the ruminal epithelium through the provision of concentrate starter rations and high quality forage, which promote VFA production. Management systems to promote these processes in Holstein Friesian cattle are well developed, however, little is known of these processes with buffalo and Bos indicus dairy cattle such as the Sahiwal. The development of methods to program the neonate to grow faster to puberty in these species will be important to improving their productivity for the dairy industries in tropical and sub-tropical environments in the future.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.63-67
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• 2021

Antibiotics are widely used to improve productivity in the dairy industry. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics causes the deterioration in the quality of dairy products undergoing fermentation and maturation. Hence, probiotic use is emerging as an alternative to curb the increased utilization of antibiotics. Probiotics are defined as "living microorganisms that, when administered in appropriate amounts, confer health benefits on the host." They may improve host disease resistance by regulating intestinal microflora balance and promote animal growth and development. In the dairy industry, probiotics have been studied to increase milk production by improving digestion in dairy cows, enhance the content of dairy components such as milk fat and protein, reduce the risk of mastitis in cows, and increase calf weight. Thus, the use of probiotics can improve the production and safety of dairy products. However, some probiotics are still unstable during storage and have low quality and safety issues. Therefore, to reduce the use of antibiotics in the dairy industry, probiotics should be developed and produced considering the above-mentioned problems.

• 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.335-343
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• 2019

건강한 삶은 인간이 추구하는 행복의 필수불가결한 요소이다. 식생활은 그 기반을 제공하는 것이며 가축의 건강은 사람의 건강에 직접적인 영향을 준다. 가축 질병을 정확하게 예측하고 관리하는 것은 지속가능한 가축의 생산을 보장하고 인간의 건강을 유지하는 데 기여한다. 사람의 경우 만병의 근원이 감기라면, 송아지의 경우 모든 질병의 원인을 제공하는 것은 설사병이다. 따라서 송아지의 설사병을 스마트 센서로 생체 데이터를 추출하고, 수집된 생체 데이터는 전처리 후에 의미 있는 정보로 사용한다. 축사의 환경 정보와 송아지 객체의 생화학·면역·감염원인체의 측정 정보를 온톨로지로 구축한다. 온톨로지는 논리적 추론 절차를 거쳐 송아지의 설사병을 예측할 수 있는 지식 베이스로 구축하였다. 송아지의 질병명, 원인, 발생 시기, 증상에 대해서 지식 기반으로 설사병을 예측한다. 가축의 일부 중에서 송아지를 모델한 지식 기반의 가축 원격 진료 질병 예측은 상위 온톨로지와 예측에 관한 도메인 온톨로지로 표현하여 그 결과로 치료, 예방법을 제시할 수 있다.