• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 1991

This survey was carried out to Investigate the effect of the daily average nutrient intakes, self-consciousness of nutrition knowledge and health on the nutrition knowledge and food habits between college women and their own mothers, Questionnaires were completed by 214 college women who do major in nutrition and by 173 their mothers. The college women scored significantly higher than that of their mothers In the nutrition knowledge. And their mothers scored significantly higher than that of college women in the food habits. Most of the subjects belonged to 'Fair' food habit group, which was considered to be relatively good. The correlation of the scores between nutrition knowledge and food habits of the college women and their mothers was low. The daily average nutrient Intakes of all women were higher than the recommended dietary allowance except for that of Iron. There was a significant and negative correlation between the nutrition knowledge score and daily average nutrient intakes in college women. But there was not a significant correlation in the nutrient intakes in their mothers. And also there was a significant and positive correlation between food habits score in their mothers but there was not a significant correlation score in college women. The higher the women had a self-consciousness of health, the higher their mothers had a food habit score, but they had daily average nutrient intakes were lower than their daughter's(college women), And the women that had a self-consciousness of health were healthier, daily nutrient intakes in their own mothers were higher in the food habits scores than that of the college women. The main curriculum for a good food habits is that it is important that one has a responsible nutrition education. For the improvement of nutrition education program we should transmit the nutritional information through an effective mass media(i. e. Radio, TV, Newspaper).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.643-649
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the adequacy of dietary fat and protein intakes among female college students. Daily intakes of energy, fat, protein, major amino acids and other nutrients were measured in 52 female college students. Daily energy intake was 75.8% of the recommended intake. Fat and protein consist 19.2% and 16.7% of the total calorie, respectively. The average protein consumption per day was 105% of the recommended intake. Essential amino acids intakes were more than the recommended amounts which appears in the 6th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. However, when the intake of each essential amino acid was compared to the recommended amino acid requirement pattern, these subjects did not meet the estimated requirements. There was a highly significant correlation between daily protein intake and lipid intake implying the major sources of protein in the diet were also major sources of fat. Daily intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin C, iron, and phosphorous were above the recommended levels of intake. However, blood hemoglobin concentration was marginal indicating dietary iron consumption is not a good marker for iron status. Also, calcium intake was only 63.5% of the recommended intake. Therefore, these results imply that main problems for these subjects are low energy consumption, low calcium intake, and the quality of protein. However, as opposed to the hypothesis, the main energy sources were not the food items high in saturated fats such as instant foods, which should be emphasized further.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.6
• /
• pp.539-549
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to examine food and nutrient intakes of weekday and weekend with 329 high school boys residing in Seoul using the 3-day food record. Frequency for breakfast skipping was the highest as compared with lunch and dinner skipping. Frequencies for breakfast and lunch skipping were significantly higher in weekend than weekday (p<0.05). The daily average food, vegetable food and animal food intakes were 1,327.6 g, 800.5 g, and 425.8 g, respectively. Total food and vegetable food intakes of weekday were significantly higher than weekend(p<0.05). The dietary variety score(DVS) was 20.5 in daily average, 23.3 in weekday and 15.1 in weekend, which showed significantly higher in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). The daily averages of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 2244.9 kcal, 89 g, 72.6 g, and 311.2 g, respectively. Fat intake was significantly lower and carbohydrate, fiber, phosphate, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, folate, and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher in weekday than weekend (p<0.05). The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 55.4%, 15.8%, 28.8% in daily average, 56.8%, 15.8%, 27.4% in weekday and 53.6%, 15.8%, 30.7% in weekend, respectively. The percentages of energy intake from carbohydrate in weekday and weekend were below 60%, and that from fat was above 27% in weekday and weekend. Carbohydrate intake was significantly higher and fat intake was significantly lower in weekday than weekend(p<0.05). Energy intakes of daily average, weekday and weekend were above 83% as compared with estimated energy requirement(EER). Intakes of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin C, riboflavin and folate were below 75% as compared with adequate intake(AI) or recommended intake(RI). Mean adequacy ratios(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.78 in daily average, 0.80 in weekday and 0.75 in weekend. MAR of weekend showed significantly lower than weekday(p<0.05). This study revealed that the overall nutrient intake status was worse in weekend than weekday among high school boys.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.479-492
• /
• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the foods intake as well as nutrients intake, 2) the nutritional knowledge, and 3) the relations between the foods and nutrients intakes and nutritional knowledge in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts (RGs). The results are summarized as follows. Average daily intakes of energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ vitamin B$_2$ and niacin were in 45-74％ of the RDAs for Koreans. Average daily energy intake was only about 50％ of energy expenditure by physical activities. Average daily intakes of each food group were generally lower, but intakes of breads and confectionaries, sugar and sweets, milks and dairy products, and instant foods were higher in the RGs compared to the nonathletic students of the same age from the National Health and Nutrition Suvey. The contribution of empty-calorie foods such as breads and confectionaries, beverage and instant foods to the major energy nutrients were high. Mean of total nutritional knowledge score of RGs was 28.4 of total score 50. In categorical score of nutritional knowledge, the RGs make a best score on food sources and they get the lowest marks for food exchange. Among the nutrients, intakes of crude fiber, animal Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B$_1$ niacin and vitamin C and, among the food groups, intakes of mushrooms, fruits and meats had relations with one of the total or categorical nutritional knowledge scores in the RGs. In conclusion, nutritional status of adolescent RGs was poor due to their unbalanced diet composed of empty-calorie foods, and their undesirable food intake pattern was supposed to be related to the low nutritional knowledge score of them. These results indicate that the RGs should be given more nutritional knowledge to improve their nutritional status and the exercise performance.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutritional value of traditional fermented foods by dietary intake of university students living in Chungnam. 210 students were asked for their daily food intake using 24-hour recall method for 3 days. And daily nutrient intakes from total foods and fermented foods were analyzed and compared. The mean weight, height, and BMI of the subjects were 67.36㎏, 174.39㎝, 22.15㎏/$m^2$ in men and 53.45㎏, 161.86㎝, 20.40㎏/$m^2$ in women, respectively. The daily intakes of protein, phosphorus, and vitamin B1 were 106.82%, 137.88%, and 108.99% of the Korean RDA. However, the energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C intakes did not reached the RDA for Koreans. The fermented food intake was 9.09% of total food intake. And the percentages of fermented food intakes were 81.53% for Kimchi and 14.75% for Chang. The vegetable protein, vegetable oil, dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and vitamin C intakes per 1000㎉ consumption from fermented foods were significantly higher than those from total foods. The fermented food intake showed positive correlation with iron, and plant iron intakes. In conclusion, the percentage of fermented food intake was about 9% and the major items were Kimchi and alcoholi beverages in university students. Fermented food intake may be important to improve the intakes of calcium, iron and vitamin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.500-512
• /
• 2010

The relationship between food and nutrient intake, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body weight was investigated with high school girls residing in Seoul. As subjects, 159 girls were divided into a normal weight (NW) group (18.5 kg/$m^2$ $\leq$ BMI < 23 kg/$m^2$, n = 110) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI $\geq$ 23kg/$m^2$, n = 49) by body mass index (BMI). The food and nutrient intake data obtained by the 3-day food record were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each subject. Daily dietary GI (DGI) and dietary GL (DGL) were calculated from the 3-day food record. Body weights and BMI of NW were 52.4 kg and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ and those of OW were 65.2 kg and 25.4 kg/$m^2$, respectively. Total food, animal food, and other food intakes of NW were higher than those of OW, and vegetable food intakes of NW were lower than those of OW. Sugars intake of NW was significantly higher than OW. Nutrient intakes were not different between the two groups. Dietary fiber, calcium, and folate intakes of NW and OW were under 65% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Major food sources of energy intake for both groups were rice, pizza, ice cream, pork, instant noodle, and chicken. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was higher in NW (0.82) than in OW (0.80). Mean daily DGI of NW and OW was 66.5 and 66.4, respectively. Mean daily DGL of NW and OW was higher in NW (162.0) than in OW (155.9). DGI and DGL adjusted to energy intake were not significantly correlated with anthropometric data.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.299-306
• /
• 1997

Vitamin K takes part in both blood coagulation and bone metabolism via the carboxylation of glutamate residues. This study was performed to examine the relationship between dietary phylloquinone intake and bone mineral denisty(BMD) among postmenopausal Korean women (n=70, age=56). The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). Daily intakes of phylloquinone and calcium were assessed using a food frequency questionnarie. As a results, body weigh, height and body mass index were not correlated with BMD. However, the number of years since monopause and daily intakes of calcium were significantly correlated with BMD. Although daily intakes of phylloquinone were not correlated with BMD, women with relatively high BMD consumed more phylloquinone than those with lower BMD. The average daily phylloquinone and calcium intakes of the 70 postmenopausal women were 725.8ug/day, ten times more than the American RDA and 406.7mg/day, 1/2 of the American RDA for those nutrients, respectively. The major food sources for phylloquinone were seaweed, spinach and kale, whereas the food sources of calcium were milk, sardines, and yogrut. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of dietary phyloquinone on its serum levels and BMD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.257-267
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to compare the nutrients intakes, factors to influence on nutrient intake and frequency of food group intake between the two gruops of elderly living in Yangcheon, Seoul(n=105) and in Yongin(n=159). The results obtained by cross-sectional survey using questionnaires were as follows. 1) The average age of the subjects was 71.9 and there was no significant difference in age and gender distribution according to the residential areas. 2) The intakes of energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the urban elderly than those of the rural elderly(p<0.05).3) The average daily intakes of energy, protein, Ca and Fe of the subjects were lower than those of the Korean RDAs in general and the rural elderly showed more severe deficiencies. 4) Individual nutrient intakes and food group intakes were related to the pocket money, number of different foods taken daily, education level, residential area, and the degree of exercise. These results suggested the needs of nutrition intervention for the low-income, rural elderly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.12-21
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 $kg/m^2$) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 $kg/m^2$, p < 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin $B_1$ exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was $74.2\%$ and $60.1\%$ of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were $63.6\%$ and $71.7\%$ of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about $70\%$ of 'age (yr) + 5 g', a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied $17.85\%$. $15.71\%$, and $5.18\%$ of TDF among the boys and $18.02\%$, $16.22\%$, and $6.58\%$ among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.379-390
• /
• 2003

The daily food intake and its related factors of the elderly(aged over 60) living in Incheon were compared. Self administered questionnaires were collected from 418 elderly. Statistical data analysis was completed using a SPSS v. 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: About 70% of elderly took grains and starch foods relatively high. The daily intakes of them was significantly influenced by ages of elderly, self-perceived health status, degree of drinking, meal regularity and nutritional balance of meals. More than 80% of elderly responded to take the food group of meat, fish and eggs poorly. Among various factors, the residence type and snack intake frequency influenced the daily intake of those foods statistically. A half of elderly took the vegetables and fruits everyday more than average. The daily consumption of vegetables and fruits was significantly influenced by sex, ages, exercise, snack intake frequency and preference of spices. Most elderly consumed fewer servings of milk and dairy products. About 60% of them did not take milk and dairy products daily. The daily contribution of those foods was significantly influenced by residence and exercise. 45.5% of elderly took oils and sugars more than average everyday which was influenced significantly by residence, exercise, snack intake frequency and meal regularity. In conclusion, the important influencing factors on the daily food intakes of elderly might be related to ages, residence, family, smoking, drinking, exercise, snack intake frequency and meal regularity. Therefore, a situation-oriented and practically organized nutrition education and ingestion support programs which consider the elderlies' socioeconomic status may help to improve the daily food intake of elderly in Incheon area.