• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.324-330
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• 1998

We Previously reported that Polysaccharide Isolated from panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, stimulates murine splenocytes to proliferate and to be cytotoxic against a wide range of tumor cells in MHC non-restricted manner:) Therefore, we examined the cytokine mRNA expression induced by the ginseng polysaccharide in this paper. This study demonstrates that the ginseng polysaccharide stimulates Thl type cytosine expression such as IL-2 and IFNY, and macrophage type cytokine expression such as IL-lc and GM-CSF in a dose-dependent manner at different time: IL-2 mRNA was induced at 30 min, IL-la, GM-CSF mRNA at 3 hr, IFNY at 6 hr after the ginseng polysaccharide treatment. In contrast with these, Th2 type cytokine expression such as IL-4 and IL-5 was not induced. The generation of the ginseng polysaccharide-activated killer cells which was induced at the optimal doses of 50 pEyml was neutralized in the presence of anti-lL-2, anti-lFNy, anti-IL-l ${\alpha}$ antibodies, showing the importance of these cytokines produced by the ginseng polysaccharide. In flow cytometry analysis, the blastogenesis of IgM+ cells was induced on day 3 and the number of Thy 1.21 cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells was increased on day 5. The ginseng polysaccharide also induced blastogenesis of T cells. In conclusion, the ginseng polysaccharide may have considerable antitumor immunotherapeutic modality by stimulating the cytokine production from Thl cells and macrophage and by proliferating lymphocytes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1800-1806
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• 2008

Cytokines play a central role in the mucosal immune response and are involved in regulation of nutrient absorption, metabolism and animal growth. This study investigated the effect of diet manipulation with specialized protein or peptide sources on expression of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-${\alpha}$) mRNA abundance in different intestinal regions and at different ages post-weaning in piglets. A total of 48 (17 days of age, $6.16{\pm}0.34kg\;BW$) weanling pigs were fed either a corn-soy/whey protein basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), or the basal diet supplemented with $Peptiva^{(R)}$, a hydrolyzed marine plant protein. A fourth treatment group was fed the SDPP diet, but the feed intake level was limited (SDPP-LF). Pigs were killed at 3 and 10 d, and intestinal cytokine mRNA was measured by real-time PCR using the relative quantification method. The SDPP-LF group exhibited an increased TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance compared with the ad libitum SDPP group (p<0.05). The TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 mRNA abundance increased from the proximal to distal part of the intestine, and the mRNA abundance was greater (p<0.01) in the distal intestine as compared with the proximal and middle intestine. The cytokines IL-1-${\beta}$, IL-10 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance also increased from d3 to d10 postweaning (p<0.01). In summary, restricted feeding increased the TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance in the small intestine, however neither SDPP nor peptide supplementation affected cytokine mRNA expression. Abundance of mRNA for most cytokines examined in this study increased with age post-weaning, suggesting that during 10 d after weaning the mucosal immune system is still under development.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.474-480
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to define whether Asterina pectinifera Lectin (APL) is effective on the cytokine production. Isolated mRNA from hPBMC (human peripheral blood mononuclear cells) stimulated with APL for various reaction times (1 to 96 hours) was detected by RT-PCR. The intensity of band for IL-1 and $IFN{\gamma}$ mRNA was markedly increased at l hour, and IL-2 mRNA was strongly expressed at 4 hours. The mRNA band of APL-induced IL-2 and $IFN{\gamma}$ was weaker than that of IL-1, IL-6 and $TNF{\alpha}$. The mRNA expression of 4 cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, $IFN{\gamma}$ and $TNF{\alpha}$) was detected up to 48 hours, and that of IL-6 was detected until 72 hours. ELISA was used to look protein secretion of the cytokine gene with IL-1, IL-2 and TNF$\alpha$expressed strongly in RT-PCR. The highest protein secretion was at 4 hours with IL-1, at 8 hours with IL-2 and at 4 hours with $TNF{\alpha}$. These results suggest that APL can induce the production of some cytokines and the immune response from PBMC was done within the first few hours of stimulation with APL.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-cancer effects of various ginseng herbal acupuncture in mice and expression of cytokine mRNA. Methods: Anti-cancer effects of various ginseng herbal acupuncture were tested by measuring the increase of life span of mice suffering from peritoneal cancer induced by Sarcoma-180, and expression of mRNA manifestation using RT-PCR. The results are as follows: Results: 1. Increase of life span of mice suffering from peritoneal cancer induced by Sarcoma-180 was measured for anti-cancer effects. As a result, 115% increase was shown in the cultivated wild ginseng group, 11.1% increase in the red ginseng group, and no increase was detected in either white ginseng and fresh ginseng groups. 2. Measuring the expression of cytokine mRNA manifestation, expression of $interferon-{\gamma}$ was slightly increased in the cultivated wild ginseng group compared to the control group, but manifestation of interleukin-10 was slightly decreased. 3. For the red ginseng, white ginseng, and fresh ginseng experiment groups II, IL-2, IL-4, $INF-{\gamma}$, and IL -10 all showed increase suggesting possible error occurring during the test process. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this study, we can reason that the ginseng we use may not match the ginseng cited in the texts of the past. Anti-cancer effects of cultivated wild ginseng can be more potent than those of white and fresh ginseng.

• 생약학회지
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• 제36권2호통권141호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2005

Lectins from Allomyrina dichotoma (ADL) and Bombyx mori (BML) were partially purified by physiological saline extraction, ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange column chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50 and gel filtration column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. An assay for cytokine expression was carried out by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). mRNA isolated from PBMC(human peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were stimulated with ADL(O.D.=0.2) and BML(O.D.=0.1) for various times(1,4,8,24,48 and 72 h) and various cytokine mRNA assessed by RT-PCR were shown as follows: The patterns of bands for IL-1 mRNA of BML were very similar with those from ADL and these bands were decreased along the increasing reaction times after showing a strong band at 1 h. However mRNA expressions for IL-2, IL-6, $IFN{\gamma}$ and $TNF{\alpha}$ showed different patterns between ADL and BML. With the effect of ADL, the expression of IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA were continuously detected until 72 h with the strongest band of IL-2 mRNA at 24 h. The strong bands of $IFN{\gamma}$ mRNA were observed from 4 to 8 h but the strongest one of $TNF{\alpha}$ was just observed at 1 h. Meanwhile with BML, the bands for IL-2 and $IFN{\gamma}$ were increased along the increasing reaction times until 72 h. The strongest bands were showed from 4 to 8 h with IL-6 and at 8 h with $TNF[\alpha}$. To verify quantitatively ELISA was used for assay of protein secretions of the cytokine gene with IL-2 and $IFN{\gamma}$ expressed markedly different in RT-PCR. The highest cytokine secretion for IL-2 was demonstrated at 48 h. The production of $IFN{\gamma}$ was markedly increased at 24 h and secreted highest at 72 h. These result suggest that ADL and BML, as inducers of cytokines, can elicit detectable cytokine mRNA from PBMC within the first few hours of stimulation and maintain the production of cytokines for a few days by the methods of RT-PCR and ELISA.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.663-672
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• 2006

연구배경: 미세먼지는 여러 가지 유기물과 무기물의 복합체로 그 구성 성분이 시간과 장소에 따라 다르고 모양과 크기도 일정하지 않으며, 특히 지름 $10{\mu}m$이하의 미세먼지 (particulate matter 10; $PM_{10}$)는 흡입이 가능한 입자의 크기여서 하부기관지 및 폐의 가스-교환부분까지 침착하여 호흡기계에 손상을 일으킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 황사에 포함된 $PM_{10}$과 비황사 시기에 포집된 $PM_{10}$이 폐상피세포주에 작용하여 전염증성 사이토카인(proinflammatory cytokine) 및 cytokine messenger RNA(mRNA)의 발현에 어떤 영향이 있는지를 관찰하여 기관지 천식과 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환등 호흡기 질환의 증상 악화기전에 미치는 역할을 규명하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 공기 포집기(HV 500F, sibata model)를 이용하여 황사와 비황사 기간에 하루 6시간씩 실외의 장소에서 대기분진을 membrane filter에 포집한 다음, $PM_{10}$입자를 추출하고 폐암 상피세포주인 A549 cells(한국세포은행주)에 $PM_{10}$을 농도에 맞게($10{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$, $500{\mu}g/ml$) 노출시켰다. 각각의 노출된 세포로부터 interleukin(IL)-$1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-8, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF)의 mRNA를 역전사중합효소연쇄반응(reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR) 방법으로 측정하였다. 결 과: 황사 및 비황사 기간 중 포집된 $PM_{10}$을 가했을 시 가하지 않은 대조군에 비하여 $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-8, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)의 m'RNA와 cytokine의 발현이 유의하게 높았으며, 황사 기간의 고농도의 $PM_{10}$에 노출된 세포의 $IL-1{\alpha}$ mRNA는 비황사 기간의 $PM_{10}$에 노출된 세포의 mRNA보다 증가되어 있었다. 결 론: $PM_{10}$은 A549 cells에서 전염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 증가시키고 비황사 기간보다 황사 기간 중 대기 중에서 채취한 $PM_{10}$에 노출된 A549 cells에서 일부의 전염증성 사이토카인의 mRNA발현을 더욱 증가시키는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 황사 기간의 $PM_{10}$에 의한 일부의 전염증성 사이토카인의 발현 증가가 만성 호흡기 질환의 증상 악화기전에 연관되어 있을 가능성을 시사하였다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2000

Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli, normal colonic inhabitants, are the most frequently isolated bacteria in infected tissues, particularly in intraabdominal abscesses. This study was designed to determine whether enteric bacteria may alter the B. fragilis-induced expression of pro inflammatory cytokines in mouse peritoneal tissue (MPT). After C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with abscess-forming mixture containing B. fragilis in the presence or absence of E. coli, RNA was extracted from MPT. Expression of interleukin (IL)-$1{\alpha}$ and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF){\alpha}$ mRNA was assessed using RT-PCR and standard RNA. Each cytokine protein was also measured by ELISA. The co-inoculation of E. coli into mouse peritoneal cavity advanced the onset of abscess development by B. fragilis infection. When mouse was co-infected with E. coli and B. fragilis intraperitoneally, there was a synergistic increase in the expression of IL-$1{\alpha}$ and $TNF{\alpha}$ mRNA in MPT and this was paralleled by increased cytokine protein secretion. Mixed inoculation of heat-killed E. coli and B. fragilis did not cause a synergistic increase in those cytokine mRNA expression. These results suggest that enteric bacteria may significantly affect proinflammatory cytokine signal produced by host peritoneal cavity in response to B. fragilis infection.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.80-92
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• 2012

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of korean herbal bathing extracts composition 1 and composition 2 on Th2 cytokine production in MC/9 mast cells. Methods The effects of composition 1, 2 was analyzed by ELISA and Real-time PCR in MC/9 mast cells. Levels of IL-5, IL-13 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 were analyzed with Real-time PCR. Results Composition 1, 2 inhibited the IL-5, IL-13 production significantly(p<.001) in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. Composition 1, 2 inhibited the IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. Composition 1 inhibited the IL-6 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. Composition 2 inhibited the IL-6 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$, 200 ${\mu}g/mL$. Conclusions These results indicate that composition 1, 2 has the effect of decreasing the Th2 cytokine production in the MC/9 mast cell.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.54-65
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• 2012

1. Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of TAM (Taraxacum mongolicum) on Th2 cytokine production in MC/9 mast cells. 2. Methods : The effects of TAM was analyzed by ELISA and Real-time PCR in MC/9 mast cells. Levels of IL-5, IL-13 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 were analyzed with Real-time PCR. 3. Results : 1) TAM inhibited the IL-4 production significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$, $200{\mu}g/ml$. 2) TAM inhibited the IL-13 production significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$, $200{\mu}g/ml$. 3) TAM inhibited the IL-4 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. 4) TAM inhibited the IL-5 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$, $100{\mu}g/ml$. 5) TAM inhibited the IL-6 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. 6) TAM inhibited the IL-13 mRNA expression significantly in comparison to PI-control group at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. 4. Conclusions : These results indicate that TAM (Taraxacum mongolicum) has the effect of decreasing the Th2 cytokine production in the MC/9 mast cell.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.41-56
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• 2010

Objectives : On an experimental basis, the effects of atopic dermatitis induced materials on the expression of cytokine genes in human monocytes (THP-1, U937) and mast cells were studied. This study was carried out to be considered a fundamental knowledge in the research on the good of oriental medicine. Methods : After culturing THP-1, U937, and HMC-1, with the three different concentrations of LPS ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$), DPE ($10\;{\mu}g/ml$), and DNCB ($1\;{\mu}g/ml$), atopic dermatitis induced materials were treated in the culture medium. To investigate cytokine genes expression patterns, with lysis buffer and separation reagent, total RNA was extracted from THP-1, U937, and HMC-1 at intervals of 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Both cytokine mRNA expression patterns by atopic dermatitis induced materials and change of cytokine genes expression patterns in relation to atopy by selenium were analyzed with RT-PCR. Also IL-4 and INF-$\gamma$, which were secreted in the HMC-1, were analyzed using ELISA method. Results : 1. After treating THP-1 and U937 with LPS, DPE, and DNCB, there was no significant change in cytokine genes themselves, but various cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IFN-$\gamma$, IFN-a, MCP-1, B2-MG) were expressed. 2. In the case of HMC-1, the expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased in the analysis of mRNA expression by dust mite allergens in DPE. 3. As a result of ELISA method, it is certain that IL-4 and IFN-$\gamma$ protein were secreted in the HMC-1 by DPE. 4. Selenium, an essential trace element, decreased the IL-10 and IL-13 expression in the HMC-1 by DPE. Conclusion : The results suggest that it is necessary to choose proper atopic dermatitis induced materials and suitable cultured cells in establishment of in vitro model of atopic dermatitis.