• BMB Reports
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.300-307
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• 1996

ATP and ADP are potential regulators of mitochondtial respiration and at physiological concentrations they affect the rate of electron transfer between cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase. The electron transfer, however, depends on the electrostatic interaction between the two proteins. In order to exclude any nonspecific ionic effects by these polyvalent nucleotides, we used 2'-O-(2,4,6)trinitro(TNP)-derivatives of ATP and ADP which have three orders of magnitude higher affinity for cytochrome c oxidase. A simple titration of the fluorescence intensity of TNP by cytochrome c oxidase showed a binding stoichiometry of 2:1 cytochrome c:cytochrome c oxidase. Higher ionic strength was required for TNP-ATP than for TNP-ADP to be dissociated from cytochrome c oxidase, indicating that the negative charges on the phosphate group are at least partially responsible for the binding. In both spectrophotometric and polarographic assays, addition of ATP (and ADP to a less extent) showed an enhanced cytochrome c oxidase activity. Both electron paramagnetic resonance and fluorescence spectra indicate that there is no Significant change in the cytochrome c-cytochrome c oxidase interaction. Instead, reduction levels of the cytochromes at steadystate suggest that the increased activity of nucleotide-bound cytochrome c oxidase is due to faster electron transfer from cytochrome ${\alpha}$ to cytochrome ${\alpha}_3$, which is known to be the fate limiting step in the oxygen reduction by cytochrome c oxidase.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2008

Mitochondria 내막의 cytochrome-c-oxidase는 세포의 에너지 생합성에 중요한 요소이며, 세포자멸사와 각종세포의 병리학적 현상과 밀접한 연관성이 있는 전자전달계효소로 알려져 있다. Porin 단백은 mitochondria 내막과 외막에 분포하는 효소단백으로 전자전달계효소 형성과 ATP 운반에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 면역현미경법을 사용하여 cytochrome-c-oxidase의 분포와 porin 단백과의 연관성을 확인하여 mitochondria의 cristae에 분포하는 cytochrome-c-oxidase의 형성과 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. Cardiac muscle tissue의 sarcoplasm에는 많은 수의 mitochondria가 분포하며, cytochrome-c-oxidase가 풍부한 mitochondria와 porin 단백이 풍부한 mitochondria로 구별되었다. Cytochrome-c-oxidase가 풍부한 mitochondria는 porin 단백이 빈약하고 porin 단백이 풍부한 mitochondria는 cytochrome-c-oxidase가 소량 포함되어 있는 것으로 관찰되었다. 심근조직의 부위에 따라 근형질에 분포하는 mitochondria에 cytochrome-c-oxidase가 풍부한 mitochondria와 porin 단백이 풍부한 mitochondria가 각각 상이하게 분포하였다. 이상의 결과로 미성숙 mitochondria는 많은 양의 porin 단백을 함유하여 근형질로부터 단백질 소단위를 mitochondria 막내로 운반하여 cytochrome-c-oxidase를 형성시키고 mitochondria가 성숙하면서 ATP를 운반할 최소한 양의 porin 단백만을 남기고 소멸되는 것으로 추측된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.243-249
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• 1991

The chromatophore from the chemotrophically grown facultative anaerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa ATCC 17013 was isolated through stepwise sucrose gradient centrifugation. The isolated chromatophore showed high activities of the cytochrome $bc_{1}$ complex and cytochrome c oxidase. The activity of cytochrome $bc_{1}$ complex was completely inhibited by .5$\mu$M antimycin A,10$\mu$M myxothiazol, and that of cytochrome c oxidase was completely inhibited by .$50\mu$M KCM and $100\mu$M $NaN_{3}$but not inhibited by carbon monoxie. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase of th chromatophore was increased by addition of ionophores or protonophores. The reduced-oxidised difference sspectrum of cytochrome $bc_{1}$ complex isolated by affivity chromatography showed the absorption maxima at 553 nm(shoulder at 547 nm), 520 nm, and 418.5 nm, on the other hand, that of cytochrome c oxidase showed .alpha., .betha. and soret peaks at 554 nm, 523 nm, and 421 nm, respectively. The cytochrome c oxidase from chemotrophically grown Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa seems to be a b-type cytochrome c oxidase.

• BMB Reports
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.397-402
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• 1997

A thiol-specific spin label was attached to cysteine-102 of yeast cytochrome c and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were measured as a function of added cytochrome c oxidase concentration. The intensity decreased due to line broadening as cytochrome c formed a complex with cytochrome c oxidase and reached a minimum when the ratio of cytochrome c to cytochrome c oxidase became one. Replacement of either Lys-72 or Lys-87 of cytochrome c by Glu did not result in a significant change in binding affinity. Interestingly the K72E mutant, unlike K87E, had a much lower rate of electron transfer than the wild type. These results indicate that many positively charged residues as a group participate in complex formation but Lys-72 might be important for cytochrome c to be locked in an orientation for an efficient electron transfer. A stoichiometry of 1 was also confirmed by optical absorption of the cytochrome c-cytochrome c oxidase complex which had been run through a gel chromatography cloumn to remove unbound cytochrome c. The EPR spectrum of this 1:1 complex, however, was a mixture of two components. This explains a biphasic kinetics for a single binding site on cytochrome c oxidase without invoking conformational transition.

• BMB Reports
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.254-260
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• 1995

Cytochrome oxidase was purified from bovine-heart mitochondria and its enzymatic properties were examined. The purified cytochrome oxidase was identified by its absorption spectrum and chromatogram through gel filtration. The specific activity, purification degree and yield of purified cytochrome oxidase were 18 nmol/mg/ml/min, 24.83 fold and 0.93%, respectively. The activity of the enzyme assayed by a ferrocytochrome $c-O_2$ system was optimized at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5. Examining the effect of nonionic detergents established that cytochrome oxidase was deactivated by Triton X-100. The oxidase was activated by Tween 80 and deactivated by Tween 20. The Michaelis constant and maximum velocity of the oxidase for ferrocytochrome c were 0.032~0.044 mM and 0.019~0.021 mM/min, respectively. After adaption to basal diet for a week, experimental diets containing 6 mg Cu/kg, or zero mg Cu/kg, or 12 mg Cu/kg were fed to a control group, a copper-free group and a copper-rich group of Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, for 4 weeks. The specific activities assayed for the ferrocytochrome $c-O_2$ system of isolated cytochrome oxidase from the rat liver of control, copper-free, and copper-rich group were 1.00, 1.19, and 0.878 nmol/mg/ml/min, respectively. Their degrees of purification were 11.38, 10.82 and 8.78 fold, respectively. The specific activities for liver and heart mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase of copper-free/copper-rich groups assayed using the ferrocytochrome $c-O_2$ system were 81.4% and 96.4%/64.1% and 61.1%, respectively, compared with those of the control.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1992

화학 영양성으로 배양한 Rps. gelatinosa 에서 2회의 시토크롬 c 친화성 크로마토그래피와 DEAE-Sephacel 이온 교환 크로마토그래피 등 3 단계의 크로마토그래피를 수행하여 시토로콤 c 산화효소를 정제하였다. 정제된 시토크롬 c 산화효소는 Sephacryl S-300 에 의한 분자걍이 약 110,000 Da 이고 SDS-gel 전기영동에 의한 분자량이 약 52.000 Da 으로써 이량체일 것으로 보인다. 전제된 시토크롬 c 산화효소는 온도데 매우 불안정하고 말 심장 시토크롬 c 를 기질로 사용했을때 Km 값은 $20\mu$M, Vmax 값은 44unit/mg prot. 이며 pH 6.4 의 효소방응 최적 pH 와 25.deg.C 의 최적 온도를 보였다. 환원된 시토크롬 c 산화효소는 554, 523, 421 nm 에서 .alpha., .betha. soret 흡수대를 보였고 chromatophore 에서와 마찬가지로 KCN 과 $NaN_{3}$ 에 의해서는 효소 활성도가 저해를 받았지만 CO 와 antimycin A, myxothiazol 에 의해서는 효소 활성도가 저해를 받지 않았다. 빛을 에너지원으로 배양하거나 또는 화학영양성으로 배양하든지 모두 시토크롬 c-551 이 생성되었고 환원된 시토크롬 c-551 은 시토크롬 c 산화효소에 의해 산화되었다. 시토크롬 c-551 을 기질고 이용하였을 때 시토크롬 c 산화효소의 Km 값은 $26\mu$M 이었고 Vmax 값은 31.unit./mg prot. 로써 말심장의 시토크롬 c 를 기질로 이용할때 보다 오히려 낮았다. 이와 같은 결과로 보아 화학 영양성은 배양한 Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa 에서 호흡에 의한 전자전달은 시토크롬 c-551 이 시토크롬 $bc_{1}$ 복합체로 부터 전자를 받아 b-형 시토크롬 c 산화효소에 전자를 전달해 주고 최정적으로 산소를 환원시킬 것으로 생각된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.285-288
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• 2000

Ferricytochrome c was artificially made to receive the aqueous electrons evolved through the influence of illuminated chloroplast. This ferricytochrome c, which was bombarded by electrons, was reduced to ferrocytochrome c by making sure that a certain cytochrome is reduced. This may require an electronic attack that is created by the chloroplast inside the plant cell. The possibility of reversing the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by cytochrome oxidase was examined using a contrived redox system composed of cytochrome oxidase, ferricytochrome c and chloroplast with illumination. We recognized that the oxidase is unserviceable for the reversibleness in spite of the existence of chloroplast.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2003

Procarbamate계 살충제인 benfuracarb의 산화효소계에 의한 활성화 과정과 이 과정을 통하여 생성되는 독성 대사물의 전환 정도를 확인하고자 수행되었다. Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) 에 대한 henfuracarb의 이 분자속도저해상수$(k_i)$가 $1.1\times10^3\;M^{-1}\;min^{-1}$로 매우 낮은 저해력을 보인 바, 이 약제가 체내에서 독성을 발현하기 위해서는 활성화 과정이 필수적임을 가정할 수 있었다. Benfuracarb의 활성화 과정에 관여하는 cytochrome $P_{450}$의 역할을 in vitro 에서 관찰하기 위하여 AChE/MFO coupling system을 사용하였다. AChE/MFO coupling system에서 AChE에 대한 저해력은 NADPH가 처리된 oxidase system이 NADPH 가 결핍된 대조구에 비하여 약 10배정도 증가하였으며, oxidase+PBO system 에서는 약간의 저해력 감소 경향이 관찰되었다. 생쥐에 henfuracarb을 처리한 후 brain AChE 활성을 조사해 본 결과 henfuracarb만 처리한 benfuracarb 처리구에서의 $I_{50}$은 22.7mg $kg^{-1}$이었으며, PBO를 전처리 한 후 henfuracarb을 처리한 benfuracarb+PBO 처리구에서는 $I_{50}$이 >100mg $kg^{-1}$으로 저해정도가 급격히 경감되어 benfuracarb의 활성화 과정에 cytochrome $P_{450}$이 관련되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Microsomal oxidase system 을 이용하여 henfuracarb이 독성 대사물인 carbofuran으로 전환되는 정도를 관찰하였다. Oxidase system 에서는 처리된 benfuracarb의 58.0%가 carbofuran으로 전환되었지만, oxidase+PBO system에서 1.7%만 생성되어 benfuracarb의 활성화과정에 산화효소인 cytochrome $P_{450}$의 역할이 중요함을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통하여 benfuracarb의 독성 발현에 관여하는 주된 독성 대사물은 carbofuran이며, 이 활성화 과정 에 cytochrome $P_{450}$이 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 확인되었다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 1997

In order to assess controversial' proposals concerning the fatty acid-induced uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, we investigated the interaction of stearic acid with key mitochondrial proteins and measured the effect of stearic acid on the respiration of cytochrome c oxidase vesicles. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of spin-labeled stearic acid clearly demonstrated that cytochrome c oxidase interacts strongly with stearic acid. However, the respiration of detergent-solubilized cytochrome c oxidase was not altered significantly by stearic acid. Surprisingly, adenine nucleotide carrier, which was assumed to bind and translocate fatty acid anions in the Skulachev model of uncoupling, did not bind stearic acid at all. The respiration rate of cytochrome c oxidase vesicles was increased by ~70% in the presence of $20{\mu}m$ stearic acid and this uncoupling was attributed to a simple protonophoric effect of stearic acid.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1994

The topology of the enzyme has been investigated by biochemical studies including chemical labeling and cross linking. Thirteen subunits(polypeptides) of the cytochrome-c-oxidase have localistic characteristics of existing in the matrix side or cytoplasmic side in the mitochondria. In order to observe the distribution of the enzyme subunit on the mitochondria membrane, immunogold-labeling methods were employed. Antibody was obtained from the serum of immunized rabbit with enzyme subunit antigen which was obtained from cytochrome-c-oxidase of the beef heart muscle mitochondria. Beef heart muscle tissue as a tissue antigen was stained with immunized rabbit IgG and protein A gold complex. Electron microscopy has identified the existance of cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit $Mt_I,\;Mt_{II}\;and\;Mt_{III}$ on the membrane of cristae and outer chamber of mitochondria and the subunit $C_{IV}$ on the membrane of cristae and matrix of mitochondria. Particularly, the subunit $C_{IV}$ was also observed to exist in the sarcoplasm of muscle tissue.