• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.137-154
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is firstly to survey the social and cultural background of 20th century and women's status, and to identify what the ideal body is like and what the elements of outer garment and underwear are and the techniques to incarnate the ideal beauty. Various papers are referenced for theoretical study and the elements and techniques of underwear are analyzed based on photographical materials. This paper concludes as follows. In 1910's, ideal beauty has changed to H-style. In other words, the outer garment has confined the lower part of the body with plain H-type Hobble silhouette to express plump bust, somewhat slim waist, and small hips, As the underwears, cylindrical corsets which fasten from under the bust down to lap, brassiere which are helpful for plump bust, and artificial busts were worn. In 1920's, outer garment were Straight box silhouette style which were cut as tubular without dart, and the underwears were corselets which have been tubular from the bust to hip and the tubular chemi-knickers. The former corsets which had been hard-boned and been fastened with strings have been replaced by the hook closure due to the development of elastic joining method. In 1930's, women pursued perfect body showing the line of bust, waist, and hip. In order to express elegant beauty of female of Slim and long silhouette, Doter and underwear have been cut with bias and gore, and soft and flexible materials were flowed along the body. World war II in 1940's has made the women as social. Ideal beauty has changed to Short straight box silhouette which no more shows body line. Outer and underwears were simple and Practical style. In 1950's, ideal beauty was well-matured, elegant Women which were represented by round shoulder, conical breast, tiny waist and round hip. Outer garment showed Hourglass silhouette representing the body-tight suits with round shoulder pad and the wide flare skirts. As the underwears, conical brassiere by top circular stitch were preferred for plump and bulged bust and tight corsets for tiny waist and magnificent petticoats were worn.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.89-95
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• 1989

As most structures need all sided analysis, development of precise and ideal analytical techniques are required. In non-metric camera alone or metric and non-metric camera can be used for the purpose of measurement, the object will be analyzied economically and quickely. The purposes of this study are to suggest possibility of analysis of circular strip by means of Bundle Adjustment and to investigate efficiency of analytical method by combination of metric and non-metric camera. For these purposes, cylindrical structure was taken as the object and multiple convergent photographs changing ${\omega}$ and ${\phi}$, by which circular strip was formed, were analysed.

• Composites Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.22-32
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• 2001

Damage induced by low-velocity impact on the curved composite laminates was experimentally evaluated for CFRP cylindrical shells with the radius of curvatures of 50, 150, 300, and 500 mm. The result was then compared with that of flat laminates and with the results by nonlinear finite-element analysis. The radius of curvatures and the effective shell stiffness appeared to considerably affect the dynamic impact response of curved shells. Under the same impact energy level, the maximum contact force increased with the decreasing radius of curvatures, with reaching 1.5 times that for plates at the radius of curvature of 50 mm. Since the maximum contact farce is directly related to the impact damage, curved laminates can be more susceptible to delamination and less resistant to the low-velocity impact damage. Delamination was distributed rather evenly at each interface along the thickness direction of curved laminates on the contrary to the case of flat laminates, where delamination is typically concentrated at the interfaces away from the impact point. This implies that the effect of curvatures has to be considered for the design of a curved composite laminate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.35-40
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• 2005

There are many methods to reinforce the cylindrical structure for light weight design like skin-stringer and semi-monocoque. Isogrid is one of the reinforced structures to improve buckling load. Isogrid has many advantages for complex load case, internal pressure and concentrated load.In this paper, compressive buckling test and non-linear FE analysis of the isogrid panel are described. Diameter of panel is 2.4m and thickness of plate is 11.43mm. The angle which the panel accomplish is about 70 degrees and, its height is about 660mm. Local buckling, global buckling and variation of stiffness after local buckling were observed during buckling test of the panel. MSC/MARC is used for non-linear FE analysis. When analysis, initial imperfection of panel which occurred during plastic forming is considered. The results of analysis for buckling mode and buckling load have good agreements with test.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2011

Some characteristics of germ cell differntiations during spermiogenesis and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Phacosoma japonicus were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoon of this species has a primitive type and is similar to those of other species in the subclass Heterodonta. Morphologies of the sperm nucleus and the acrosome of this species are the cylindrical type and cap shape, respectively. The spermatozoon is approximately 45-50 ${\mu}m$ in length, including a long curved sperm nucleus (about $3.70{\mu}m$ long with 45 $^{\circ}$ of the angle of the nucleus, an acrosome (about $0.55{\mu}m$ in length), and tail flagellum (about 42-$47{\mu}m$)The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure. As some characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle structures, the basal and lateral parts of basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the anterior apex part of the acrosomal vesicle shows electron lucent part (region). These characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle were found in the family Veneridae and other several families in the subclass Heterodonta. These common characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle in the subclass Heterodonta can be used for phylogenetic and systematic analysis as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The number of mitochondria in the sperm midpiece of this species are four, as one of common characteristics appear in most species in the family Veneridae and other families in the subclass Heterodonta. However, exceptionally, only three species in Veneridae of the subclass Heterodonta contain 5 mitochondria. The number of mitochondria in the sperm midpiece can be used for the taxonomic analysis of the family or superfamily levels as a systematic key or tools.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.231-244
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• 2000

This paper presents a dynamic analysis technique for a 2-D soil-structure interaction problem in the frequency domain, which can directly be applied as an analysis tool for seismic response analyses of underground structures, tunnels, embankments, and so on. In this method, the structure and near-field soil is modeled by the standard finite elements, while the unbounded far-field soil is represented using the dynamic infinite elements in the frequency domain. The earthquake-input motion is regarded as traveling P and SV waves which are incident vertically from the far-field of underlying half-space to the near-field of layered medium. The equivalent earthquake forces are then calculated utilizing so-called fixed-exterior-boundary-method and the free-field responses including displacements and tractions. For the verification of the present study, seismic response analyses are carried out for a multi-layered half-space free-field soil medium and a cylindrical cavity embedded in a homogeneous half-space. Comparisons of the present results with solutions by other approaches indicate that the proposed methodology gives accurate estimates. Finally, an application example of seismic response analysis for a subway station is presented, which demonstrates the applicability of the present study.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.73-73
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• 2014

Several geometrical models (e.g., cone and flux rope models) have been suggested to infer 3-D parameters of CMEs using multi-view observations (STEREO/SECCHI) and single-view observations (SOHO/LASCO). To prepare for when only single view observations are available, we have made a test whether the cone model parameters from single-view observations are consistent with those from multi-view ones. For this test, we select 35 CMEs which are identified as CMEs, whose angular widths are larger than 180 degrees, by one spacecraft and as limb CMEs by the other ones. For this we use SOHO/LASCO and STEREO/SECCHI data during the period from 2010 December to 2011 July when two spacecraft were separated by $90{\pm}10$ degrees. In this study, we compare 3-D parameters of these CMEs from three different methods: (1) a triangulation method using the STEREO/SECCHI and SOHO/LASCO data, (2) a Graduated Cylindrical Shell (GCS) flux rope model using the STEREO/SECCHI data, and (3) an ice cream cone model using the SOHO/LASCO data. The parameters used for comparison are radial velocities, angular widths and source location (angle ${\gamma}$ between the propagation direction and the plan of the sky). We find that the radial velocities and the ${\gamma}$-values from three methods are well correlated with one another (CC > 0.8). However, angular widths from the three methods are somewhat different. The correlation coefficients are relatively not good (CC > 0.4). We also find that the correlation coefficients between the locations from the three methods and the active region locations are larger than 0.9, implying that most of the CMEs are radially ejected.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.575-594
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• 2013

Organic soils exhibit problematic properties such as high compressibility and low shear strength; these properties may cause differential settlement or failure in structures built on such soils. Organic soil removal or stabilization are the most important methods to overcome geotechnical problems related to peat soils' engineering characteristics. This paper presents soil mechanical intervention for stabilization of peat with sand columns and focuses on a comparison between the mechanical characteristics of undisturbed peat and peat stabilized with 20%, 30% and 40% of sand on the laboratory scale. Cylindrical columns were extruded in different diameters through a nearly undisturbed peat sample in the laboratory and filled with sand. By adding sand columns to peat, higher permeability, higher shear strength and a faster consolidation was achieved. The sample with 70% peat and 30% sand displayed the most reliable compressibility properties. This can be attributed to proper drainage provided by sand columns for peat in this specific percentage. It was observed that the granular texture of sand also increased the friction angle of peat. The addition of 30% sand led to the highest shear strength among all mixtures considered. The peat samples with 40% sand were sampled with two and three sand columns and tested in direct shear and consolidation tests to evaluate the influence of the number and geometry of sand columns. Samples with three sand columns showed higher compressibility and shear strength. Following the results of this laboratory study it appears that the introduction of sand columns could be suitable for geotechnical peat stabilization in the field scale.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2020

Due to the superior properties of nanoparticles, using them has been increased in concrete production technology. In this study, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the mechanical and smart properties of concrete was studied. At the first, the ZnO nanoparticles are dispersed in water using shaker, magnetic stirrer and ultrasonic devices. The nanoparticles with 3.5, 0.25, 0.75, and 1.0 volume percent are added to the concrete mixture and replaced by the appropriate amount of cement to compare with the control sample without any additives. In order to study the mechanical and smart properties of the concrete, the cubic samples for determining the compressive strength and cylindrical samples for determining tensile strength with different amounts of ZnO nanoparticles are produced and tested. The most important finding of this paper is about the smartness of the concrete due to the piezoelectric properties of the ZnO nanoparticles. In other words, the concrete in this study can produce the voltage when subjected to mechanical load and vice versa it can induce the mechanical displacement when subjected to external voltage. The experimental results show that the best volume percent for ZnO nanoparticles in 28-day samples is 0.5%. In other words, adding 0.5% ZnO nanoparticles to the concrete instead of cement leads to increases of 18.70% and 3.77% in the compressive and tensile strengths, respectively. In addition, it shows the best direct and reverse piezoelectric properties. It is also worth to mention that adding 3.5% zinc oxide nanoparticles, the setting of cement is stopped in the concrete mixture.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.364-380
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• 2006

This paper presents a procedure for designing command to maneuver flexible structure with very little residual vibration, even in the presence of modeling errors. For the open loop maneuver, the various shaped profiles using multiple step inputs delayed in time are considered for robustness and compared with the responses of rigid body and flexible body in virtue of simulations and experiments. Input shaping generates vibration-reducing shaped commands through convolution of an impulse sequence with the desired command. A flexible model with a cylindrical hub and four symmetric appendages is considered to examine the responses to real plant, and to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed shapers. The appendages are long and flexible, leading to low frequency vibration under any control action. It is shown by a series of simulation that a properly designed feedback controller with input shaper performs well, as compared with open loop controller with input shaper. The control objective is to achieve a fast settling time of residual vibration to flexible structure and robustness (insensitivity)to plant uncertainty, to eliminate residual vibration.