• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제8권6호
• /
• pp.687-696
• /
• 2007

To increase the reliability of auto-ignition in CAI engines, the thermodynamic properties of intake flow is often controlled using recycled exhaust gases, called internal EGR. Because of the internal EGR influence on the overall thermodynamic properties and mixing quality of the gases that affect the subsequent combustion behavior, optimizing the intake and exhaust valve timing for the EGR is important to achieve the reliable auto-ignition and high thermal efficiency. In the present study, fully 3D numerical simulations were carried out to predict the mixing characteristics and flow field inside the cylinder as a function of valve timing. The 3D unsteady Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase model was used to account for the interaction between the intake air and remaining internal EGR during the under-lap operation while varying three major parameters: the intake valve(IV) and exhaust valve(EV) timings and intake valve lift(IVL). Computational results showed that the largest EVC retardation, as in A6, yielded the optimal mixing of both EGR and fuel. The IV timing had little effect on the mixing quality. However, the IV timing variation caused backflow from the cylinder to the intake port. With respect to reduction of heat loss due to backflow, the case in B6 was considered to present the optimal operating condition. With the variation of the intake valve lift, the A1 case yielded the minimum amount of backflow. The best mixing was delivered when the lift height was at a minimum of 2 mm.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TE
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2005

액체 밸브는 실린더 부분과 액체부분으로 분리 또는 일체형 구조로 되어 있으며, 불소수지 Packing에 STS(stainless) 축을 삽입하여 실린더 머리에 연결된 구조로 되어있어 액체를 주입과 차단시 상하왕복 작동으로 인해 불소수지 패킹과 STS 축 사이에 마찰로 인해 액체의 누설로 인해 작업 환경 저하와 각 부품교체로 인한 작업능률의 저하로 생산성이 목표치에 이르지 못하고 있다. 이에 따라 액체밸브 설계에서부터 재질, 구조변경 등의 필요성이 있으며, 설계, 재질선택, 구조변경 등을 연구하였다. 본 논문은 기존의 문제점을 근본적으로 해소하고자, 피스톤과 연동되는 진동의 개발로 피스톤이 쉽게 마모되는 것을 방지하여 장 수명을 충족시키고 누설방지를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 액체 토출후 노즐 팁에 액체가 잔류하는 것을 방지할 수 있도록 피스톤이 후퇴 시 이를 흡입시킬 수 있는 기능을 부가하여 방울 맺힘을 방지함을 목적으로 하고 있다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.113-121
• /
• 1994

Since two oil shocks in 1970s, all of engine makers have persevered in their efforts to reduce specific fuel consumption and to increase engine power rate as much as possible in marine diesel engines. As a result, the maximum pressure in cylinders of these engines has been continuously increased. It causes direct axial vibration. The axial stiffness of crank shaft is low compared to old types of engine models by increasing the stroke/bore ratio and its major critical speed might occur within engine operation range. An axial damper, therefore, needs to be installed in order to reduce the axial vibration amplitude of the crankshaft. Usually the main critical speed of axial vibration for the propulsion shafting system with a 4-8 cylinder engine exists near the maximum continuous revolution(MCR). In this case, when the damping coefficient of the damper is increased within the allowance of the structural strength, its stiffness coefficient is also increased. Therefore, the main critical speed of axial vibration can be moved beyond the MCR. It has the same function as a conventional detuner. However, in the case of a 9-12 cylinder engine, the main critical speed of axial vibration for the propulsion shafting system exists below the MCR and thus the critical speed cannot be moved beyond the MCR by using an axial damper. In this case, the damping coefficient of an axial damper should be adjusted by considering the range of engine revolution, the location and vibration amplitude of the critical speed, the fore and aft vibration of the hull super structure. It needs to clarify the dynamic characteristics of the axial vibration damper to control the axial vibration appropriately. Therefore authors suggest the calculation method to analyse the dynamic characteristics of axial vibration damper. To confirm the calculation method proposed in this paper, it is applied to the propulsion shafting system of the actual ships and satisfactory results are obtained.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.572-579
• /
• 2006

Accurate heat release analysis based on the cylinder pressure trace is important for evaluating combustion process of diesel engines. However, traditional single-zone heat release models (SZM) have significant limitations due mainly to their simplified assumptions of uniform charge and homogeneity while neglecting local temperature distribution inside cylinder during combustion process. In this study, a heat release analysis based on single-zone model has been evaluated by comparison with computational simulation result using Fire-code, which is based on multidimensional model (MDM). The limitations of the single-zone assumption have been estimated, To overcome these limitations, an improved model that includes the effects of spatial non-uniformity has been applied. From this improved single-zone heat release model (Improved-SZM), two effective values of specific heat ratios, denoted by ${\gamma}_V$ and ${\gamma}_H$ in this study, have been introduced. These values are formulated as the function of charge temperature changing rate and overall equivalence ratio. Also, it is applied that each equation of ${\gamma}_V$ and ${\gamma}_H$ has respectively different slopes according to several meaningful periods during combustion progress. The heat release analysis results based on improved single-zone model gives a good agreement with FIRE-code results over the whole range of operating conditions of target engine, Hyundai HiMSEN H21/32.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.521-528
• /
• 2009

One of reliability measurements of vehicle is estimated by driving mileage but the reliability of component, such as an hydraulic clutch system, is defined from the number of successful operational cycle. Relationship between these reliability measurement variables(mileage and cycle) should be examined first of all in the reliability estimation of components. Relationship between mileage and cycles is commonly known as linear function. However, the gradient depends on the operational environmental condition. Therefore, estimation of mission profile variable should be done with correlation analysis at the same time. In this paper, we derive mission profile variable of an hydraulic clutch system by field vehicle test and suggest the determination process of durability test parameters of CMC(Clutch Master Cylinder) with mission profile variable.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.751-759
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 구조적 기본단면인 사각단면중에서 B/D=2,3,4,5 단면을 대상으로 단면주위 흐름상태가 단면의 공기력 특성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 정지/진동하는 B/D=4 사각실린더 주위의 비정상압력장에 POD해석을 도입함으로써 흐름패턴에 따른 POD해석의 고유벡터를 규정하고 실린더 주위 흐름장 안에 공존하는 서로 다른 흐름패턴의 상호간섭과 물리적 모드분해에 관하여 검토하였다. POD해석의 고유벡터 비교를 통해서 칼만와류는 박리버블에 의해서 거의 영향받지 않지만 칼만와류는 단면후류부에서 박리버블의 발달에 상당히 간섭하고 있음을 확인하 였다. 변장비(B/D=2,34,5) 변화에 따른 ${dC_L/d\alpha}$, ${H_1^{*}}$의 정(+)부(-)의 차이, 즉 갤로핑현상에 대한 안정/불안정성은 박리전단층의 재부착에 깊은 관련이 있는 것으로 판단되며 B/D=3,4에서 시간평균적으로 재부착하던 주위흐름장이 칼만와류의 방출을 제어하면 재부착하지 않는 것으로 생각된다. 즉, 칼만와류의 억제는 후류부에서 박리전단층의 곡률이 작아지도록 간섭하고 단면에 있어서 elongation효과를 나타낸다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.211-220
• /
• 2006

Need of porcelain-repair system is largely demanding as dental porcelain restorations are increased in clinical dentistry. This study investigated shear bond strength of commercial porcelain-repair systems on dental porcelain and their reliability. Experimental groups were as follows; Group A Super Bond C&B, Group B Porcelain repair kit, Group C Ceramic repair, and Group D Spectrum system as a control. Porcelain disks were fired and embedded in epoxy resin. Porcelain surface were ground using 220 grit SiC disk, then cleaned in ultrasonic bath. Then porcelain specimens were treated with each repair system. A clear polystyrene cylinder 3.5 mm in internal diameter was filled with composite resin. Then the resin cylinder was polymerized with a visible light curing unit. Thirty one specimens at each group were prepared and stored at $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 48 h. Specimens were tested in an Instron testing machine according to ISO TR 11405. Mean shear bond strength and standard deviation of each group was $15.7{\pm}4.1MPa$ (Group A), $12.8{\pm}4.9MPa$ (Group B), $7.2{\pm}3.0MPa$ (Group C) and $9.6{\pm}2.2MPa$ (Group D). ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc test showed that there were significant differences between groups (p<0.05). Data of bond strength were analyzed with two-parameter Weibull distribution. Confidence interval of Weibull modulus (m-parameter) at 95% of Group A (3.5-6.3) and Group D (3.6-6.0) were significantly higher than Group B (2.2-3.7) and Group C (2.0-3.4). There was little correlation between mean shear bond strength and Weibull modulus. Results indicated that acid-etching of porcelain surface increased porcelain-resin shear bonding strength.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.1264-1271
• /
• 1990

본 연구에서는 회전 깃(rotor blade)을 폭 방향과 시위방향으로 많은 평면 페 널(panel)들로 나누어 이에 말굽쇠 형 화류(horseshoe vortex)를 분포시키는 양력면 (lifting surface)으로 대치하고 후류는 깃상의 순환(circulation)분포에 의해 그 크 기가 결정되는 와도(vorticity)를 와류격자로 대치하는 와류격자법(Vortex Lattice Method`VLM)을 사용하여 HAWT의 공기역학적 성능 예측을 시도하였다. 그리고 후류의 형상은 근 후류(near wake)와 원후류(far wake)로 나누어 근 후류는 깃의 후연(trail- ing edge)에서의 속도를 갖고 와선(vortex line)이 움직이게 하여 결정하였고 원 후류 는 반무한대 원형화류 실린더(semi-infinite circular vortex cylinder)로 취급하여 결정하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.1197-1205
• /
• 1988

본 연구에서는 피스톤운동을 톱날파로 근사하였을 때 단열된 실린더를 갖는 스터링기관에 대한 해석적인 해를 구하고자 한다. 실제기관에서 피스톤운동은 기구 학적 구동기구에 따라 상이하지만 대략적으로 정현파가 되며, 이 경우에는 해석적인 해가 존재하지 않으므로 수학적으로 구간선형적인 톱날파로 근사하였다. 비록 이러 한 근사를 도입한 단열해석이라 하더라도 해석적인 해가 존재한다면 등온해석보다는 기관성능의 예측에 더욱 적합함은 당연하다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.521-532
• /
• 2021

Present paper focuses on the modeling of size effect on the compressive strength of normal concrete with the application of Discrete Element Method (DEM). Test specimens with different size and shape were cast and uniaxial compressive strength test was performed on each sample. Five different concrete mixes were used, all belonging to a different normal strength concrete class (C20/25, C30/37, C35/45, C45/55, and C50/60). The numerical simulations were carried out by using the PFC 5 software, which applies rigid spheres and contacts between them to model the material. DEM modeling of size effect could be advantageous because the development of micro-cracks in the material can be observed and the failure mode can be visualized. The series of experiments were repeated with the model after calibration. The relationship of the parallel bond strength of the contacts and the laboratory compressive strength test was analyzed by aiming to determine a relation between the compressive strength and the bond strength of different sized models. An equation was derived based on Bazant's size effect law to estimate the parallel bond strength of differently sized specimens. The parameters of the equation were optimized based on measurement data using nonlinear least-squares method with SSE (sum of squared errors) objective function. The laboratory test results showed a good agreement with the literature data (compressive strength is decreasing with the increase of the size of the specimen regardless of the shape). The derived estimation models showed strong correlation with the measurement data. The results indicated that the size effect is stronger on concretes with lower strength class due to the higher level of inhomogeneity of the material. It was observed that size effect is more significant on cube specimens than on cylinder samples, which can be caused by the side ratios of the specimens and the size of the purely compressed zone. A limit value for the minimum size of DE model for cubes and cylinder was determined, above which the size effect on compressive strength can be neglected within the investigated size range. The relationship of model size (particle number) and computational time was analyzed and a method to decrease the computational time (number of iterations) of material genesis is proposed.