• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권1C호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 OFDM 시스템의 시간 오차와 주파수 오차를 추정하는 방안을 제시하고 있다. 제안한 동기 알고리즘은 수신 신호의 순환상괸(cyclic correlation)을 이용하며, 이 순환상관에는 시간과 주파수 오차 정보가 모두 나타나게 된다. 따라서 제안하는 추정 알고리즘은 여분의 학습심볼(training symbol)를 필요로 하지 않으며, 채널의 정보를 사용하지 않는다. 제안한 추정 방법은 평균자승오차(mean square error) 성능에서 잡음이나 채널의 특성에 상관없이 거의 일정한 성능을 가지며, 실험 결과는 이러한 특징을 뒷받침 해주고 있다. 좀 더 정확한 추정을 위해서, 순환 상관을 평균을 취하는 방법이 적용되었다. 이 경우, 평균을 취하는 방법은 평균을 취하지 않는 방법보다 훨씬 더 정확한 추정을 가능하게 한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38A권4호
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• pp.325-336
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• 2013

대표적인 D2D (Device-to-Device) 통신 시스템 중 하나인 Qualcomm사의 FlashLinQ 시스템에서는 링크 스케줄링 과정을 낮은 복잡도로 실현할 수 있도록 하기 위해 단일-톤 (single-tone) 신호를 이용한 우선순위 및 SIR (Signal-to-Interference power Ratio) 기반의 링크 스케줄링 기법을 수행한다. 하지만 다중 경로 채널 환경에서는 주파수 선택적 페이딩의 영향으로 단일-톤 위치에서와 실제 데이터가 전송되는 전체 대역에서의 수신 전력 간 오차가 발생할 수 있으며, 이는 공평성 측면에서 문제가 될 뿐만 아니라 셀 전체 전송률 상의 손실을 일으킬 수 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) 시퀀스의 상관 특성을 이용해 전체 대역에 대한 SIR 에 가까운 값을 획득할 수 있는 링크 스케줄링 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 전체 대역을 다수의 sub-block 으로 구분하고 각 sub-block 마다 링크의 우선순위에 해당하는 순환 오프셋 (cyclic offset) 을 적용한 CAZAC 시퀀스를 전 대역에 걸쳐 전송하여, 수신 신호와 참조 신호간의 순환 상호 상관 연산 (cyclic cross-correlation)을 통해 전체 대역에 대한 SIR 에 근접한 값을 획득할 수 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2015

본 논문은 LED-ID 시스템에서 채널 차단에 따른 성능 열화를 줄이기 위한 저 상관(Low correlation) 순환 지연 기법에 대해서 연구하였다. LED-ID 시스템은 가시광을 기반으로 하여 데이터를 송수신 한다. 하지만 빛의 직진성 때문에 실내 구조, 환경에 따라 채널 단절이 발생한다. 채널 단절에 의해 발생하는 데이터 손상과 빛을 연속적으로 차단하여 발생하는 연집오류로 인하여 LED-ID 시스템의 성능을 저하시키게 된다. 제안 시스템은 데이터들 간의 낮은 상관관계를 이용하여 빛을 연속적으로 차단하여 발생하는 연집오류에 대한 문제점을 해결하고 순환 지연 기법을 이용하여 시간 다이버시티 이득을 극대화 하여 성능을 향상 시켰다. 시뮬레이션 파라미터에 따라 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 시스템의 성능을 산출 하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안 시스템이 기존 시스템과 일정한 시간 지연을 통한 순환 지연 기법보다 성능이 우수함을 확인 할 수 있다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.324-332
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• 2020

In this paper, a blind symbol timing offset (STO) estimation method is proposed for offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) modulated signals, which also works for other linearly modulated signals (LMS) such as binary-PSK, QPSK, 𝜋/4-QPSK, and minimum-shift keying. There are various methods available for blind STO estimation of LMS; however, none work in the case of OQPSK modulated signals. The popular cyclic correlation method fails to estimate STO for OQPSK signals, as the offset present between the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components causes the cyclic peak to disappear at the symbol rate frequency. In the proposed method, a set of close and approximate offsets is used to compensate the offset between the I and Q components of the received OQPSK signal. The STO in the time domain is represented as a phase in the cyclic frequency domain. The STO is therefore calculated by obtaining the phase of the cyclic peak at the symbol rate frequency. The method is validated through extensive theoretical study, simulation, and testbed implementation. The proposed estimation method exhibits robust performance in the presence of unknown carrier phase offset and frequency offset.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.2028-2036
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• 2006

The combined ab initio and vibrational predissociation (VP) spectroscopic studies on methylammonium-$(water)_4$ complex aimed at understanding the hydration behavior of an amphiphilic ion core are described. The ab initio calculations predicted eleven low-energy isomers forming cyclic, tripod, chain, and caged structures, and their relative stabilities, total hydration energies and thermodynamic functions at 298 K and 150 K. The excellent correlation between the observed VP spectra and ab initio spectra for bonded N-H, bonded O-H and free O-H stretches suggested co-existence of five cyclic isomers and two non-cyclic isomers in ion beam at 150 K, consistent with the trends of calculated Gibbs free energies.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2013

Objectives: This study compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) files obtained in a conventional test using a simulated canal with a newly developed method that allows the application of constant fatigue load conditions. Materials and Methods: ProFile and K3 files of #25/.06, #30/.06, and #40/.04 were selected. Two types of testing devices were built to test their fatigue performance. The first (conventional) device prescribed curvature inside a simulated canal (C-test), the second new device exerted a constant load (L-test) whilst allowing any resulting curvature. Ten new instruments of each size and brand were tested with each device. The files were rotated until fracture and the number of cycles to failure (NCF) was determined. The NCF were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test for each method. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was computed to examine any association between methods. Results: Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (${\rho}$ = -0.905) showed a significant negative correlation between methods. Groups with significant difference after the L-test divided into 4 clusters, whilst the C-test gave just 2 clusters. From the L-test, considering the negative correlation of NCF, K3 gave a significantly lower fatigue resistance than ProFile as in the C-test. K3 #30/.06 showed a lower fatigue resistance than K3 #25/.06, which was not found by the C-test. Variation in fatigue test methodology resulted in different cyclic fatigue resistance rankings for various NiTi files. Conclusions: The new methodology standardized the load during fatigue testing, allowing determination fatigue behavior under constant load conditions.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2003

Fatigue damage of 2.2Ni-1Cr-0.5Mo steel used fir high strength pressure tubes and vessels was evaluated using uniaxial specimens subjected to strain-controlled fatigue loading. Based on the fatigue test results from different strain ratios of -2. -i 0, 0.5, 0.75, the fatigue damage of the steel was represented by using a cyclic strain energy density. Mean stress relaxation depended on the magnitude of the applied strain amplitude. The high pressure vessel steel exhibited the cyclic softening behavior. Total strain energy density consisting of the plastic strain energy density and the elastic tensile strain energy density described fairly well the fatigue life of the steel, taking the mean stress effects into account. Compared to other fatigue damage parameters, fatigue life prediction by the cyclic strain energy density showed a good correlation with the experimental fatigue lift within a factor of 3.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2016

To investigate the dynamic sorptive and hygroexpansive behaviors of wood by different cyclic hygrothermal changing effects, poplar (populus euramericana Cv.) specimens, were exposed to dynamic sorption processes where relative humidity (RH) and temperature changed simultaneously in sinusoidal waves at 75-45% and $5-35^{\circ}C$ (condition A) and where RH changed sinusoidally at 75-45% but temperature was controlled at $20^{\circ}C$ (condition B), both for three cyclic periods of 1, 6, and 24 h. Moisture and dimensional changes measured during the cycling gave the following results: Moisture and transverse dimensional changes were generally sinusoidal. Moisture and dimensional amplitude increased with increasing cyclic period but all were lower for thicker specimens. The amplitude ratio of condition A to condition B ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 with the maximum value of 1.57 occurring at the shortest cyclic period, not as much as expected. T/R increased as cyclic period increased or specimen thickness decreased. T/R from condition B was weaker than that from condition A. Sorption and swelling hysteresis existed in both conditions. Sorption hysteresis was negatively related to cyclic period but in positive correlation with specimen thickness. Sorption hysteresis was found more obvious in condition B, while moisture sorption coefficient and humidity expansion coefficient showed the opposite results.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 1998년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Spring 1998
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• pp.361-368
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors affacting liquefaction potential by using DSC(disturded state concept) method and to verify these results through cyclic shear test (truly triaxial test and cyclic triaxial) on saturated sandy soil. Based on this reserch, the DSC method predictions were found to provide satisfactory correlation with the cyclic shear test. And the relationship between the factors affecting liquefaction characteristics--relative density(Dr0 and initial effective confining pressure and physical properties of the saturated sand --ξD and Dc--is found. If the relative density and the initial effective confining pressure increase, the number of cyclic grows up. This means that Dc is incresed and ξD is decreased. Therefore, the liquefaction potential can be evaluated and the factors affacting liquefaction potential can be investigated by using on DSC method. Finally, it is shown that the DSC method can capture the liquefaction mechanism.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.759-768
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• 2019

In nuclear fusion reactors, the key structural component (i.e., the plasma-facing component) undergoes high heat flux cyclic loading. To ensure the safety of fusion reactors, an experimental study on the temperature-induced creep of stainless steel under heat flux cyclic loading was performed in the present work. The strains were measured using a stereo digital image correlation technique (3D-DIC). The influence of the heat haze was eliminated, owing to the use of a vacuum environment. The specimen underwent heat flux cycles ($500^{\circ}C-1000^{\circ}C$) with different mechanical preloads (0 kN, 10 kN, 30 kN, and 50 kN). The results revealed that, for a relatively large preload (for example, 50 kN), a single temperature cycle can induce a residual strain of up to $15000{\mu}{\varepsilon}$.