• Computers and Concrete
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.77-98
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• 2004

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls subject to cyclic loadings. The material behavior of cracked concrete is described by an orthotropic constitutive relation with tension-stiffening and compression softening effects defining equivalent uniaxial stress-strain relation in the axes of orthotropy. Especially in making analytical predictions for inelastic behaviors of RC walls under reversed cyclic loading, some influencing factors inducing the material nonlinearities have been considered. A simple hysteretic stress-strain relation of concrete, which crosses the tension-compression region, is defined. Modification of the hysteretic stress-strain relation of steel is also introduced to reflect a pinching effect depending on the shear span ratio and to represent an average stress distribution in a cracked RC element, respectively. To assess the applicability of the constitutive model for RC element, analytical results are compared with idealized shear panel and shear wall test results under monotonic and cyclic shear loadings.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.147-164
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• 2008

Recently, many researches have been done to examine the behavior of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) subjected to the static loading. However, a few studies have been devoted to cyclic behaviors of FRC. A main objective of this paper is to investigate the cyclic behavior of FRC through theoretical method. A new cyclic bridging model was proposed for the analysis of fiber reinforced cementitious composites under cyclic loading. In the model, non-uniform degradation of interfacial bonding under cyclic tension was considered. Fatigue test results for FRC were numerically simulated using proposed models and the proposed model is achieving better agreement than the previous model. Consequently, the model can establish a basis for analyzing cyclic behavior of fiber reinforced composites.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2015

불포화토에는 부(-)의 압력인 석션(Suction)이 작용한다. 석션은 입자간 응력을 증가시키며, 이에 따라 토립자 골격의 항복응력 및 소성전단강성을 증대시킨다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 석션의 효과를 지진 등의 동적 하중조건에서 고려하기 위해 불포화토에 대하여 확장된 반복탄소성구성식으로부터 제1 항복함수 및 제2 항복함수를 고려하여 유도된 응력-변형률 관계를 이용하여 반복삼축시험의 요소 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 그 결과 응력경로, 응력-변형률 관계 및 체적변형률-축변형률 관계로부터 요소 시뮬레이션은 반복삼축거동을 양호하게 모사함을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 동적 하중이 작용하는 불포화토 거동 예측의 정확도 제고에 기여할 것으로 전망된다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1592-1597
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• 2009

Ratcheting is a cyclic accumulation of strain under a cyclic loading. It is a kind of mechanisms which generate cracks in rail steels. Though some experimental and numerical study has been performed, modeling of ratcheting is still a challenging problem. In this study, an elastic-plastic constitutive equation considering non-linear kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening was applied. Under the tangential stress of the contact stresses, a cyclic stress-strain relation was obtained by using the model. Strain under repeated cycles was accumulated.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.311-316
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• 2008

일정한 크기의 응력이 반복적으로 작용할 때 매 사이클마다 변형이 증가하는 현상을 라체팅이라고 한다. 라체팅은 레일이나 차륜의 균열발생 기구의 하나이지만 실험적, 이론적 측면에서 아직 많은 연구를 필요로 하는 분야이다. 레일의 경우 접선력 방향으로 소성변형이 축적되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 차륜-레일의 구름 접촉에서 발생하는 응력의 이론해에 대해 살펴보고, 라체팅을 모델링 할 수 있는 비선형 이동 경화법칙을 사용하는 탄소성 구성방정식을 적용하여 라체팅 현상을 모델링 하였다. 일정 크기의 접촉력이 반복적으로 작용할 때 매 사이클마다 일정 크기의 소성변형이 발생하였다.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.179-186
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• 2003

This paper describes an extension of a numerical model, which was developed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures subject to monotonic in-plane shear. While maintaining all the basic assumptions adopted in defining the constitutive relations of concrete under monotonic loadings, a hysteretic stress-strain relation of concrete, which crosses the tension-compression region, is defined. In addition, curved unloading and reloading branches inferred from the stress-strain relation of steel considering the Bauschinger effect are used. Modifications of the stress-strain relation of concrete and steel are also introduced to reflect a pinching effect depending on the shear span ratio and to represent an average stress distribution in a cracked RC element, respectively.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.857-868
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• 2005

This paper deals with the accumulated damage in concrete structures due to the cyclic freeze-thaw as an environmental load. The cyclic ice body nucleation and growth processes in porous systems are affected by the thermo-physical and mass transport properties, and gradients of temperature and chemical potentials. Furthermore, the diffusivity of deicing chemicals shows significantly higher value under cyclic freeze-thaw conditions. Consequently, the disintegration of concrete structures is aggravated at marine environments, higher altitudes, and northern areas. However, the properties of cyclic freeze-thaw with crack growth and diffusion of chloride ion effects are hard to be identified in tests, and there has been no analytic model for the combined degradations. The main objective is to determine the driving force and evaluate the reduced strength and stiffness by freeze-thaw. For the development of computational model of those coupled deterioration, micro-pore structure characterization, pore pressure based on the thermodynamic equilibrium, time and temperature dependent super-cooling with or without deicing salts, nonlinear-fracture constitutive relation for the evaluation of internal damage, and the effect of entrained air pores (EA) has been modeled numerically. As a result, the amount of ice volume with temperature dependent surface tensions, freezing pressure and resulting deformations, and cycle and temperature dependent pore volume has been calculated and compared with available test results. The developed computational program can be combined with DuCOM, which can calculate the early aged strength, heat of hydration, micro-pore volume, shrinkage, transportation of free water in concrete. Therefore, the developed model can be applied to evaluate those various practical degradation cases as well.

• Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.45-65
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• 2002

A constitutive model on oorthotropic thermo-elasto-viscoplasticity for fiber-reinforced composite materials Is illustrated, and their thermomechanical responses are predicted with the fully-coupled finite element formulation. The unmixing-mixing scheme can be adopted with the multipartite matrix method as the constitutive model. Basic assumptions based upon the composite micromechanics are postulated, and the strain components of thermal expansion due to temperature change are included In the formulation. Also. more than two sets of mechanical variables, which represent the deformation states of multipartite matrix can be introduced arbitrarily. In particular, the unmixing-mixing scheme can be used with any well-known isotropic viscoplastic theory of the matrix material. The scheme unnecessitates the complex processes for developing an orthotropic viscoplastic theory. The governing equations based on fully-coupled thermomechanics are derived with constitutive arrangement by the unmixing-mixing concept. By considering some auxiliary conditions, the Initial-boundary value problem Is completely set up. As a tool of numerical analyses, the finite element method Is used with isoparametric Interpolation fer the displacement and the temperature fields. The equation of mutton and the energy conservation equation are spatially discretized, and then the time marching techniques such as the Newmark method and the Crank-Nicolson technique are applied. To solve the ultimate nonlinear simultaneous equations, a successive iteration algorithm is constructed with subincrementing technique. As a numerical study, a series of analyses are performed with the main focus on the thermomechanical coupling effect in composite materials. The progress of viscoplastic deformation, the stress-strain relation, and the temperature History are careful1y examined when composite laminates are subjected to repeated cyclic loading.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2008

In the present work, the ratcheting behavior under uniaxial cyclic loading is analyzed. A comparison between the published and the results from the present model is also included. In order to simulate the ratcheting behavior, Two-Back Stress model is proposed by combining the non-linear Armstrong-Frederick rule and the non-linear Phillips hardening rule based on kinematic hardening equation. It is shown that some ratcheting behaviors can be obtained by adjusting the control material parameters and various evolutions of the kinematic hardening parameter can be obtained by means of simple combination of hardening rules using simple rule of mixtures. The ultimate back stress is also derived for the present combined kinematic hardening models.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.353-367
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• 2003

이 논문에서는 단조증가하중 하에서 철근콘크리트 전단벽의 수치해석을 위해 개발된 재료모델을 반복하중을 포함한 일반적인 하중 하에서의 구조 거동을 효과적으로 모사하기 위한 해석모델로 확장하여 제안하고 있다. 먼저 재료모델을 구성함에 있어 하중이력에 따라 인장과 압축이 교대로 작용하는 콘크리트는 기본적으로 회전균열모델을 따르는 직교이방성 재료로써 가정하였고, 직교하는 축에 대해 인장과 압축을 오가는 이력곡선을 중심으로 등가의 일축응력-변형률 관계를 정의하였다. 나아가 철근은 평균응력-변형률 개념을 통해 단조증가 상태의 응력-변형률 관계를 구성하였고, 역전된 반복하중으로 인해 발생하는 Bausc-hinger 효과를 고려하여 이력곡선을 정의하였으며, 전단 효과를 고려하기 위해 전단지간 비에 따라 기존에 제안된 이력곡선을 수정하였다. 특히 해석과정의 효율성을 도모하고 변형연화 거동특성 등 일반적인 하중-변위 평형경로를 갖는 철근콘크리트 구조물의 비선형 해석을 위해 arc-length 기법을 도입하였다. 또한 제안된 수치해석모델에 대한 효율성을 검증하기 위해 요소단위의 철근콘크리트 판넬 시험체와 대표적인 전단벽 시험체의 반복하중 이력에 따른 하중-변위 관계 등 전단에 의해 지배를 받는 구조체에 대한 해석 결과와의 비교가 이루어졌다.