• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.517-524
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• 2017

Cyber security is an important issue in the field of nuclear engineering because nuclear facilities use digital equipment and digital systems that can lead to serious hazards in the event of an accident. Regulatory agencies worldwide have announced guidelines for cyber security related to nuclear issues, including U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 5.71. It is important to evaluate cyber security risk in accordance with these regulatory guides. In this study, we propose a cyber security risk evaluation model for nuclear instrumentation and control systems using a Bayesian network and event trees. As it is difficult to perform penetration tests on the systems, the evaluation model can inform research on cyber threats to cyber security systems for nuclear facilities through the use of prior and posterior information and backpropagation calculations. Furthermore, we suggest a methodology for the application of analytical results from the Bayesian network model to an event tree model, which is a probabilistic safety assessment method. The proposed method will provide insight into safety and cyber security risks.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.375-390
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• 2021

Purpose: Most of cybersecurity breaches occur in SMEs. As the existing cybersecurity framework and certification system are mainly focused on financial and large companies, it is difficult for SMEs to utilize it due to lack of cybersecurity budget and manpower. So it is necessary to come up with measures to allow SMEs to voluntarily manage cyber risks. Method: After reviewing Cybersecurity market, cybersecurity items of financial institutions, cybersecurity framework comparison and cybersecurity incidents reported in the media, the criticality of cybersecurity items was analyzed through AHP analysis. And cybersecurity items of non-life insurers were also investigated and made a comparison between them. Result: Cyber risk management methods for SMEs were proposed for 20 major causes of cyber accidents. Conclusion: We hope that the cybersecurity risk assessment measures of SMEs in Korea will help them assess their risks when they sign up for cyber insurance, and that cyber risk assessment also needs to be linked to ERM standardization.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.879-887
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• 2021

The nuclear supply chain attack surface is a large, complex network of interconnected stakeholders and activities. The global economy has widened and deepened the supply chain, resulting in larger numbers of geographically dispersed locations and increased difficulty ensuring the authenticity and security of critical digital assets. Although the nuclear industry has made significant strides in securing facilities from cyber-attacks, the supply chain remains vulnerable. This paper discusses supply chain threats and vulnerabilities that are often overlooked in nuclear cyber supply chain risk analysis. A novel supply chain cyber-attack surface diagram is provided to assist with enumeration of risks and to examine the complex issues surrounding the requirements for securing hardware, firmware, software, and system information throughout the entire supply chain lifecycle. This supply chain cyber-attack surface diagram provides a dashboard that security practitioners and researchers can use to identify gaps in current cyber supply chain practices and develop new risk-informed, cyber supply chain tools and processes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1179-1189
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• 2019

Cyber security evaluation is a series of processes that estimate the level of risk of assets and systems through asset analysis, threat analysis and vulnerability analysis and apply appropriate security measures. In order to prepare for increasing cyber attacks, systematic cyber security evaluation is required. Various indicators for measuring cyber security level such as CWSS and CVSS have been developed, but the quantitative method to apply appropriate security measures according to the risk priority through the standardized security evaluation result is insufficient. It is needed that an Scoring system taking into consideration the characteristics of the target assets, the applied environment, and the impact on the assets. In this paper, we propose a quantitative risk assessment model based on the analysis of existing cyber security scoring system and a method for quantification of assessment factors to apply to the established model. The level of qualitative attribute elements required for cyber security evaluation is expressed as a value through security requirement weight by AHP, threat influence, and vulnerability element applying probability. It is expected that the standardized cyber security evaluation system will be established by supplementing the limitations of the quantitative method of applying the statistical data through the proposed method.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.173-179
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• 2023

The 4th Industrial Revolution technology has emerged as a solution to build a hyper-connected, super-intelligent network-oriented operational environment, overcoming the obstacles of reducing troops and defense budgets facing the current military. However, the overall risk management, including the increase in complexity of the latest inform ation technology and the verification of the impact with the existing information system, is insufficient, leading to serious threats to system integrity and availability, or negatively affecting interoperability between systems. It can be inhibited. In this paper, we suggest cyber threat response strategies for our military to prepare for cyber threats by examining information security risk management in the United States in order to protect military information assets from cyber threats that may arise due to the advancement of information technology.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.29-32
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• 2019

The development of Information and Communication Technology facilitates exchange of information and communication between system in ships or between ships and land facilities, thereby improving the efficiency of their work. However, these changes in the working environment of companies and ships increased the likelihood of cyber security incidents occurance like unauthorized access to company and ship systems or infection of malicious code, which results in significant safety, environmental and business damage to company and ships. Therefore, a cyber-risk-based approach was required to identify and respond to an increasing cyber threats. In this paper, the analysis of maritime cyber security status and guidelines for establishment of maritime cyber security system are provided.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2023

In 2017, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted MSC.428 (98), which recommends establishing a cyber-risk management system in Ship Safety Management Systems (SMSs) from January 2021. The 27th International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) also discussed prioritizing cyber-security (cyber-risk management) in developing systems to support Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) operations (IALA guideline on developments in maritime autonomous surface ships). In response to these international discussions, Korea initiated the Korea Autonomous Surface Ship technology development project (KASS project) in 2020. Korea has been carrying out detailed tasks for cybersecurity technology development since 2021. This paper outlines the basic concept of ship network security equipment for supporting MASS ship operation in detailed task of cybersecurity technology development and defines ship network security equipment interface for MASS ship applications.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.79-101
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• 2012

This study expands the current body of research by exploring multiple scenarios of insufficient and excessive IT security investments caused by interdependent risks and the interplay between IT security investments and cyber insurance. A key finding is that organizations experiencing interdependent risks with different types of cyber attacks (i.e., targeted and untargeted attacks) use different strategies in making IT security investment decisions and in purchasing cyber insurance policies for their information security risk management than firms that are facing independent risks. The study further provides an economic rationale for employing insurance mechanisms as a risk management solution for information security.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.229-239
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• 2018

This paper analyzes the problems of existing CCTV and discusses cyber security problems of IP-CCTV in cloud computing environment. In order to reduce the risk of simply removing the risk associated with the provision of cloud services, the risk analysis and counter-measures need to be carried out effectively. Therefore, the STRIDE model as the Threat Risk Modeling is used to analyze the risk factors, and Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) is used to measure risk priorities based on the analyzed threats.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.12
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• pp.1577-1586
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• 2018

The emergence of the Smart Grid is an integrated solution for the next generation power system that combines IT technology in the power system to create optimal energy utilization and various services. However, these convergence technologies (power systems and information communications) are not only improving the related technologies but also producing various problems especially exposure to cyber risk. In particular, the intelligent power grid has security vulnerabilities through real-time information sharing among various organically linked systems, and it is more complicated than the cyber risk problem in the existing IT field and is directly connected to national disaster accidents. Therefore, in order to construct and operate a more stable smart grid, this paper analyzes the system of power system control system in Korea, and proposes a cyber security element definition and a countermeasure establishment method of power monitoring & control systems based on security standards of smart grid (No. SPS-SGSF-121-1-1).