• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.524-533
• /
• 2008

도금산업에서 배출되는 폐수는 독성이 강한 시안이온과 시안착화합물, 그리고 다양한 중금속이 함유되어 있다. 이러한 독성이 강한 시안이온 및 시안 착화합물의 처리는 알칼리염소법에 의한 시안 산화처리방법이 가장 일반적으로 잘 알려진 방법이다. 이는 시안이온은 분해 가능하나 시안 착화합물의 처리는 어려운 것으로 알려져 있고, 실제로 산업현장에서 수질환경보전법상 수질배출허용기준(나 지역) 1 mg/L을 초과하는 경우가 빈번하다. 본 연구에서는 앞서 밝힌 아연백법 및 공침공정을 이용한 복합 중금속-시안착염 폐수의 현장처리(I) (아래에서 "현장처리(I)"으로 표시 함)과 비교하여 크롬환원처리 후 Fe/Zn 공침공정을 적용하여 시안착염을 제거하고, 알칼리염소법에 의한 잔류시안 산화처리방법으로 검토하였다. 크롬처리는 6가 크롬을 3가 크롬으로 환원시 환원제로서 NaHSO$_3$를 사용하여 pH 2.0, ORP 250 mV, 반응시간 30 min.에서 99.9% 이상의 최대제거율을 얻을 수 있었다. Fe/Zn 공침에 의한 시안착염 제거실험은 pH 9.5, FeSO$_4$/ZnCl$_2$ 3.0 $\times$ 10$^{-4}$ mol, mixing rpm 240에서 시안이온의 제거효율은 98.24%(잔류시안농도: 4.50 mg/L)로 최대의 결과를 얻었다. 황화물 침전법에 의한 기타중금속(Cu, Ni)처리반응의 조건은 pH 9.0$\sim$10.0, 반응시간 30 min. mixing rpm 240에서 Cu의 경우 Na$_2$S 주입량 3.0 mol에서 99.9%, Ni의 경우 Na$_2$S 4.0 mol에서 93.86%의 최대결과를 얻었다. Fe/Zn공침처리 후 잔류시안농도 4.50 mg/L의 제거를 위하여 알칼리염소법을 실시한 결과 1차 산화반응은 pH 10.0 이상, ORP 350 mV, reaction time 30 min, 2차 산화반응은 pH 8.0 이하, ORP 650 mV, 반응시간 30 min.에서 제거효율 95.33%, 잔류시안농도 0.21 mg/L의 결과를 얻었다. 즉 (1) 크롬환원처리, (2) Fe/Zn 공침공정에 의한 시안착화합물 제거 및 기타 중금속(Cu, Ni) 처리, (3) 알칼리염소법에 의한 잔류시안 산화처리를 실시한 결과(아래에서 "현장처리(II)"로 표시 함) 시안의 잔류농도는 0.21 mg/L로서 수질 및 수생태계보전에 관한 법율의 수질배출허용기준(나 지역) 1 mg/L의 규제치 이하로 처리가 가능하다는 것을 현장 확인할 수 있었고 "현장처리(I)"보다 처리효율적인 측면이나 경제적인 측면에서 모두 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 1988

In this study, the method of adsorption by activated carbon in the removal of Hg(II) ion in waste water was treated. The influence of kinds of activated carbon and effect of temperature and the influence of coexistent salt on adsorption rates, the influence of pH in the adsorption, equilibrium and adsorption of mercury from activated carbon were investigated. From the adsorption on activated carbon of mercury(II) ion in the presence of cyanide or thiocyanate ion was found that mercury(II) was easily adsorved onto the activated carbon in the form of complex artion such as Hg(CN)$_4^{2-}$, Hg(SCN)$_4^{2-}$ respectively. ZnCl$_2$ activation method had a higher adsorptive ability than steam activation method in adsorption of Hg on activated carbon. Activated carbon adsorbed iodide ion is very effective on adsorption of Hg.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 2009

Some of the edible plants like apricot kernel, flaxseed, and cassava generate hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when cyanogenic glycosides are hydrolyzed. Rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferases of TSTs; EC: 2.8.1.1) is a sulfide-detoxifying enzymes that converts cyanides into thiocyanate and sulfite. This enzyme exists in a liver and kidneys in abundance. The present study is to evaluate the conversion of apricot cyanogenic glycosides into thiocyanate by human hepatic (HepG2) and colonal (HT-29) cells, and the induction of the enzymes in the rat. The effects of short term exposure of amygdalin to rats have also been investigated. Cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions from HepG2 and HT-29 cells and normal male Spraque-Dawley rats were used. When apricot kernel extract was used as substrate, the rhodanese activity in liver cells was higher than the activity in colon cells, both from established human cell line or animal tissue. The cytosolic fractions showed the highest rhodanese activity in all of the cells, exhibiting two to three times that of microsomal fractions. Moreover, the cell homogenates could metabolize apricot extract to thiocyanate suggesting cellular hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide ion, followed by a sulfur transfer to thiocyanate. After the consumption of amygdalin for 14 days, growth of rats began to decrease relative to that of the control group though a significant change in thyroid has not been observed. The resulting data support the conversion to thiocyanate, which relate to the thyroid dysfunction caused by the chronic dietary intake of cyanide. Because Korean eats a lot of Brassicaceae vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and radish, the results of this study might indicate the involvement of rhodanese in prolonged exposure of cyanogenic glycosides.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.1581-1585
• /
• 2012

Two pyridinecarboxamide dicyanidecobalt(III) building blocks and two mononuclear seven-coordinated macrocycle manganese(II) compounds have been rationally selected to assemble cyanide-bridged heterobimetallic complexes, resulting in three cyanide-bridged $Co^{III}-Mn^{II}$ complexes. Single X-ray diffraction analysis show that these complexes $\{[Mn(L^1)][Co(bpb)]\}ClO_4{\cdot}CH_3OH{\cdot}0.5H_2O$ ($\mathbf{1}$), $\{[Mn(L^2)][Co(bpb)]\}ClO_4{\cdot}0.5CH_3OH$ ($\mathbf{2}$) and ${[Mn(L^1)][Co(bpb)]\}ClO_4{\cdot}H_2O$ ($\mathbf{3}$) ($L^1$ = 3,6-diazaoctane-1,8-diamine, $L^2$ = 3,6-dioxaoctano-1,8-diamine; $bpb2^{2-}$ = 1,2-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)benzenate, $bpmb2^{2-}$ = 1,2-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)-4-methyl-benzenate) all present predictable one-dimensional single chain structures. The molecular structures of these one-dimensional complexes consists of alternating units of $[Mn(L)]^{2+}$ ($L=L^1$ or $L^2$) and $[Co(L^{\prime})(CN)2]^-$ ($L^{\prime}=bpb2^{2-}$, or $bpmb2^{2-}$), forming a cyanide-bridged cationic polymeric chain with free $ClO_4{^-}$ as the balance anion. The coordination geometry of manganese(II) ion in the three one-dimensional complexes is a slightly distorted pentagonal-bipyrimidal with two cyanide nitrogen atoms at the trans positions and $N_5$ or $N_3O_2$ coordinating mode at the equatorial plane from ligand $L^1$ or $L^2$. Investigation over magnetic properties of these complexes reveals that the very weak magnetic coupling between neighboring Mn(II) ions connected by the diamagnetic dicyanidecobalt(III) building block. A best-fit to the magnetic susceptibility of complex ${\mathbf}{1}$ leads to the magnetic coupling constants $J=-0.084(3)cm^{-1}$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.485-488
• /
• 1989

A carbon paste coated-wire ion-selective electrode for chloride (carbon chloride-CWE) was constructed using epoxy resin, ion-exchanger and carbon powder as a polymer membrane. Its utility, the composition of a polymer membrane, the response characteristics, and the selectivity were examined and applied to the environmental water analysis. The carbon chloride-CWE was prepared using a silver wire, which was covered with silver chloride and then coated with epoxy resin into which chloride ion-exchanger and carbon powder were previously incorporated in advance. The response of the carbon chloride-CWE was Nernstian for $1.0{\times}10^{-2}-2{\times}10^{-5}$ M chloride and the useful pH range from $10^{-2} M Cl- to 10^{-4} M Cl^-$ was 3.0-9.0. Furthermore, the selectivity of chloride over iodide, bromide, and cyanide was much improved compared with those for a solid state epoxy body chloride electrode and a liquid membrane chloride electrode. The carbon chloride-CWE was applied to determine Cl^-$ in tap and ground water. The obtained results were in good agreement with those by the established methods such as spectrophotometric or other chloride-selective electrode methods.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2007

Hydrogen cyanide(HCN), formed from pyrolysis of various nitrogenous compounds such as protein, amino acids and nitrate in tobacco, is present in both the particulate phase and vapor phase of cigarette smoke. Typically the determination of HCN in cigarette smoke has been done through colorimetric and electrochemical techniques, such as fluorescence spectrometry, UV-spectrophotometry (UV), continuous flow analyzer (CFA), capillary GC-ECD and ion chromatography (IC). Most of these techniques are known to be time-consuming and some of them lack specificity or sensitivity. The available results from both our laboratory and reported literatures for 2R4F Kentucky reference cigarette, smoked under ISO condition, show a relatively wide variation ranging from 100 to 120 ug/cig of HCN. Especially, the precision and accuracy of the analytical results of HCN tend to get worse in low tar cigarettes and under intense smoking condition. In this paper, a more optimized analytical methods than previous ones are suggested. This method shows lower detection limit and has improved precision and accuracy, so it is applicable for wide tar level cigarettes under intense smoking condition as well as under ISO smoking condition. Important features of this method are improved sample collection and quantification systems such as the number of trapping units, volume, temperature and type of trapping solution. To avoid volatilization loss of HCN in analyzing mainstream smoke, it is highly recommended that pH values of trapping solutions should be maintained over 11 and cold traps should be used in collecting mainstream smoke.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.116-121
• /
• 2008

Haloperoxidase를 생산하는 미생물을 분리하기 위하여 국내 연근해와 남북극 등의 해양시료에서 분리된 방선균 균주를 대상으로 탐색을 수행하여 남해 백도 해조류 추출물로부터 분리된 한 종류의 방선균(#1460)에서 높은 haloperoxidase 활성이 확인되었다. 본 균주의 생리.생화학적 특성은 Streptomyces 속과 유사하며 생산되는 haloperoxidase는 세포 조 추출물로부터 ammonium sulfate precipitation, High-Q column chromatography, gel permeation chromatography, Hydroxyapetite chromatography 그리고 hydrophobic interaction chromatography를 통하여 42%의 수율과 purification fold 70으로 정제하였다. 본 효소의 최적 반응 pH는 7이고 pH 8에서 더 높은 안정성을 보여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 반응에 효소활성의 50%가 생존한다. 또 cyanide와 azide 이온에 의해 강한 저해현상을 보인다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 1989

$trans-[Co(en)_2X_2](ClO_4)_n$의 전극환원 반응메카니즘(X : 시아나이드, 나이트라이트, 암모니아, 그리고 이소티오시아네이트)을 순환전압전류법 및 폴라로그래피법으로 조사하였다. 수은전극일 때 Co(III)상태에서 Co(II) 상태로 되는 확산지배적인 1전자 비가역반응 이후에 착물의 분광화학적 흡수파가 큰 시아나이드가 배위된 착물은 (en), CN-가 해리되지 않았으며 전극반응 생성물이 전극에 흡착되었고, $NO_2\;^-,\;NH_3$는 해리되었다. 그 후 모든 Co(II) 착물상태가 금속상태로 2전자 비가역 과정으로 환원되면서 (en)이 해리되었다. 수은전극에서 $NO_2^-$가 배위된 착물은 ECE 반응기구이며 전극환원 후 $NO_2^-$가 해리되는 속도가 57${\sim}$100m sec 이상으로 측정되었다. 탄소전극일 때 이들 착물의 첫단계 환원은 확산지배적인 1전자 비가역 과정이며 분광학적 흡수파수가 증가할 때 환원 피이크전위$(-E_p)$가 증가하였다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제68권3호
• /
• pp.139-145
• /
• 2024

This study aims to elucidate the mechanism involved in the hydrolysis of the hexacyanoferrate(III) complex ion (Fe(CN)₆^3-) and the mechanism leading to the formation of Prussian blue (Fe^III₄[Fe_II(CN)₆]₃·xH₂O, PB) in acidic aqueous solutions at moderately elevated temperatures. Hydrolysis constitutes a crucial step in generating PB through the widely used single-source or precursor method. Recent PB syntheses predominantly rely on the single-source method, where hexacyanoferrate(II/III) is the exclusive reactant, as opposed to the co-precipitation method employing bare metal ions and hexacyanometalate ions. Despite the widespread adoption of the single-source method, mechanistic exploration remains largely unexplored and speculative. Utilizing UV-vis spectrophotometry, negative-ion mode liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), and a devised reaction, this study identifies crucial intermediates, including aqueous Fe^2+/3+ ions and hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the solution. These two intermediates eventually combine to form thermodynamically stable PB. The findings presented in this research significantly contribute to understanding the fundamental mechanism underlying the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the hexacyanoferrate(III) complex ion and the subsequent formation of PB, as proposed in the sequential mechanism introduced herein. This finding might contribute to the cost-effective synthesis of PB by incorporating diverse metal ions and potassium cyanide.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.689-693
• /
• 2010

Second-order rate constants ($k_{CN^-}$) have been measured for nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted phenyl benzoates (1a-r) with $CN^-$ ion in 80 mol % $H_2O$/20 mol % DMSO at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot is linear with ${\beta}_{1g}$ = -0.49, a typical ${\beta}_{1g}$ value for reactions reported to proceed through a concerted mechanism. Hammett plots correlated with ${\sigma}^{\circ}$ and ${\sigma}^-$ constants exhibit many scattered points. In contrast, the Yukawa-Tsuno plot for the same reaction exhibits excellent linearity with ${\rho}_Y$ = 1.37 and r = 0.34, indicating that a negative charge develops partially on the oxygen atom of the leaving aryloxide in the rate-determining step (RDS). Although two different mechanisms are plausible (i.e., a concerted mechanism and a stepwise pathway in which expulsion of the leaving group occurs at the RDS), the reaction has been concluded to proceed through a concerted mechanism on the basis of the magnitude of ${\beta}_{1g}$ and ${\rho}_Y$ values.