• Animal cells and systems
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.303-308
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• 2001

The skin structure of Misgurnus mizolepis was studied based on the microanatomical investigation of skin fragments taken from four regions. The epidermis was distinguished by two types of skin glands, a small mucous cell and a large club cell. The mucous cell was acid sulfomucins (some sialomucins) but the club cell did not give any histochemical tests for mucosubstances. The presence of a well defined lymphatic system with small lymphocytes was established in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis. A large number of blood capillaries run very close to each other just below the basement membrane, and a definite area giving AB and PAS positive was present between the basement membrane and scale. These structural features of skin in M. mizolepis seem to be closely related with cutaneous respiration.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2007

The skin of the Korean bullheads, Pseudobagrus brevicorpus and P. koreanus, is composed of epidermis, dermis and subcutis. The epidermis has three layers, the outermost layer, middle layer and stratum germinativum. The epidermis consists of two types of gland cells, an unicellular mucous cell of sulfomucin and a large club cell having sometimes two nuclei. The epidermis has numerous intraepithelial blood vessels in P. brevicorpus but not at all in P. koreanus. Lymphatic spaces containing lymphocytes are well developed in mainly the stratum germinativum. The dermis lacks scales and consists mostly of bundles of coarse collagen fibers. The collagen bundles are arranged in parallel to each other in the dorsum and lateral region toward the dorsum, but vertically at intervals in the abdomen and lateral region toward the abdomen. Considering this unique skin structure, the two species are likely to exercise cutaneous respiration as a dual respiratory system to overcome hypoxic conditions which frequently occurs in their habitats.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제52권
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• pp.8.1-8.7
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• 2022

The Korean trident goby, Tridentiger brevispinis, lives in adverse habitats that can easily become hypoxic due to low precipitation, regional dry periods, and high amounts of solar radiation. Histological and morphometric studies revealed the goby's specialized skin (35.4-150.0㎛ in thickness), consisting of an epidermis and dermis. The thicker epidermis comprises an outermost surface layer (having taste buds, stratified fattened cells, mucous cells, pigment cells, and stratified polygonal cells), middle layer (having stratified polygonal cells), and stratum germinativum (stratified columnar cells). In particular, the dermis has scales, well-developed vascularization, and a few blood capillaries just above the basement membrane, and a reduced diffusion distance was present in the lateral body. Consequently, adaptations such as thicker epidermis, well-developed vascularization, few blood capillaries, and a reduced diffusion distance may provide cutaneous respiration for survival in poorly oxygenated water during the periodic dry season.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1558-1564
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• 2015

Cutaneous evaporative heat loss in Bos indicus and Bos taurus has been well documented. Nonetheless, how crossbreds with different fractional genetic proportions respond to such circumstances is of interest. A study to examine the physiological responses to cutaneous evaporative heat loss, also lactation period and milk yield, were conducted in Sahiwal (Bos indicus, n = 10, $444{\pm}64.8kg$, $9{\pm}2.9years$), Holstein Friesian (Bos taurus, HF100% (n = 10, $488{\pm}97.9kg$, $6{\pm}2.8years$)) and the following crossbreds: HF50% (n = 10, $355{\pm}40.7kg$, $2{\pm}0years$) and HF87.5% (n = 10, $489{\pm}76.8kg$, $7{\pm}1.8years$). They were allocated so as to determine the physiological responses of sweating rate (SR), respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and skin temperature (ST) with and without hair from 06:00 h am to 15:00 h pm. And milk yield during 180 days were collected at days from 30 to 180. The ambient temperature-humidity-index (THI) increased from less than 80 in the early morning to more than 90 in the late afternoon. The interaction of THI and breed were highly affected on SR, RR, RT, and ST (p<0.01). The SR was highest in Sahiwal ($595g/m^2/h$) compared to HF100% ($227g/m^2/h$), and their crossbreds both HF50% ($335g/m^2/h$) and HF87.5% ($299g/m^2/h$). On the other hand, RR was higher in HF87.5% (54 bpm) and both HF100% (48 bpm) and HF50% (42 bpm) than Sahiwal (25 bpm) (p<0.01). The RT showed no significant differences as a result of breed (p>0.05) but did change over time. The ST with and without hair were similar, and was higher in HF100% ($37.4^{\circ}C$; $38.0^{\circ}C$) and their crossbred HF50% ($35.5^{\circ}C$; $35.5^{\circ}C$) and HF87.5% ($37.1^{\circ}C$; $37.9^{\circ}C$) than Sahiwal ($34.8^{\circ}C$; $34.8^{\circ}C$) (p<0.01). Moreover, the early lactation were higher at HF100% (25 kg) and 87.5% (25 kg) than HF50% (23 kg) which were higher than Sahiwal (18 kg) while the peak period of lactation was higher at HF100% (35 kg) than crossbreds both HF87.5% and HF50% (32 kg) which was higher than Sahiwal (26 kg) (p<0.05). In conclusion, sweating and respiration were the main vehicle for dissipating excess body heat for Sahiwal, HF and crossbreds, respectively. The THI at 76 to 80 were the critical points where the physiological responses to elevated temperature displayed change.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 춘계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.483-484
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• 2000

Mudskipper로 알려진 망둑어과 어류인 말뚝망둑어 Periophthalmus modestus는 구나 기수역의 갯벌바닥에 서식하면서 간조시에는 물 밖으로 나와 육상의 갯벌을 뛰어다니거나 또는 추운 계절에는 갯벌에 굴을 파서 생활하는 amphibious habit를 갖고 있다. 말뚝망둑어와 비슷한 서식환경을 가지는 드렁허리 Monoterus albus와 Amphinous는 용존산소를 이용한 수중호흡 이외에 피부를 이용한 공기호흡(cutaneous respiration)을 병행하는 dual respiration system을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있으며 (Liem, 1967; Mittal and Munshi, 1971) 또한 쉽게 건조가 되는 연못, 농수로 또는 진흙바탕에 서식하는 Misgurnus fossilis(Jakuboski, 1958), M. anguillicauda (Park and Kim, 1999)에서도 피부를 이용한 공기호흡이 알려져 있다. 그러나 이러한 어류들의 피부구조는 말뚝망둑어 피부와 많은 차이점을 보여 주고 있는 본 조사는 말뚝망둑어의 피부의 특징을 조사하고 및 이들의 호흡체계에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 한다. (중략)

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2008

미꾸리 M. anguillicaudatus의 등, 후두부, 체측 부위에서 적출한 피부조직의 형태를 분석하여 계절의 변화에 따른 각 부위 조직의 형태변화를 관찰하였다. 각 피부조직은 점액세포를 포함한 상피세포들로 구성된 표피층과 결합조직의 진피층으로 구성되어 있었으며, 표피와 진피층의 경계에 모세혈관이 분포하고 있었다. 표피의 middle layer에 분포하는 점액세포는 수온이 낮아짐에 따라 그 형태가 원형에서 타원형 또는 장타원형으로 변화하였고, 단위면적당 세포의 개수와 크기 및 분비량이 증가하였는데, 특히 후두부에서 그 변화양상이 가장 크게 나타났다. 또한, 등과 체측 부위의 비늘이 존재하는 진피층에서는 eosin에 염색되는 염기성 물질이 상당량 분비되어 진피층의 두께가 두꺼워지는 경향을 보였다. 계절변화에 따른 이러한 피부조직의 구조적 변화를 미꾸리의 동면, 피부호흡 및 점액의 기능과 관련하여 고찰하였다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

논에 서식하는 미꾸라지의 등, 체측, 후두부 피부조직에 대한 조직학적 연구를 통해 계절변화에 따른 점액세포의 변화여부를 조사하였다. 계절이 변화함에 따라 표피조직의 일반적인 형태에는 변화가 없었으나 상피조직에 존재하는 점액세포의 단위면적당 개수와 크기가 유동적으로 변화하였다. 비록 점액세포의 발달정도는 겨울철에 크게 증가하고 여름철에 감소하는 경향을 보였지만, 농지경작을 위해 관개를 실시한 봄(3~4월)과 추수를 위해 물을 배수시켜 미꾸라지의 피부가 공기에 노출되었던 가을(8~9월)에 점액세포의 월별 변화율이 가장 크게 조사되었다. 또한 농지 수온이 급격하게 높았던 6월에 점액세포가 일시적으로 발달하는 모습이 관찰되었다. 계절에 따른 점액세포의 변화는 유동적인 농지환경에 대한 능동적 행동이자 피부호흡을 하기 위함으로 여겨진다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2005

조간대와 강하구에 출현하는 미끈망둑 Luciogobius guttatus은 썰물 동안에 건조하기 쉬운 자갈 바닥 아래에서 서식하는 특징을 보인다. 이러한 서식처를 선호하는 미끈망둑의 호흡체계를 조사하기 위해 지느러미 및 흡반을 포함하는 5개의 부속지의 표피구조를 관찰하였다. 표피는 모두 맨바깥층(outermost layer), 중간층(middle layer), 기저층(stratum germinativum)으로 구성된다. 맨바깥층은 다형세포 또는 편평세포, 그리고 점액세포로 구성되었으며, 특히 단일세포성의 점액세포는 $11.1{\sim}16.1{\mu}m$의 크기로 1~2층으로 배열되어 있으며, 산성다당류로 확인되었다. 중간층은 이웃한 표피세포로 팽대해진 팽대세포 (swollen cell)로 구성되어 있으며, $12.3{\sim}15.2{\mu}m$의 크기로 1~11층으로 배열되어 마치 거미망구조를 보인다. 이러한 팽대세포로 인해 상피 두께의 대부분을 차지한다. 많은 모세혈관이 기저막 아래에 분포하고 있으며, 미뢰 (taste bud)가 표피에 존재한다. 이러한 표피의 특징은 미끈망둑이 이중호흡체계인 피부호흡 (cutaneous respiration)과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2018

Currently, injuries to customers due to health functional foods are annually increasing. To evaluate the antigenicity of Korean red ginseng mixture (KRGM), we tested for systemic anaphylactic shock and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Based on a comparison of measured body weights, there were no changes in body weight for the KRGM treatment group compared with the control group. In the ovalbumin treated group, however, there was a statistically significant decrease in body weight. For the active systemic anaphylaxis test, after the induction, there were no symptoms that suggested anaphylactic shock in the control and KRGM treatment group. In the ovalbumin treated group, there were symptoms that suggested severe anaphylaxis, and those symptoms included restlessness, piloerection, tremor, rubbing or licking the nose, sneezing, coughing, hyperpnea, dyspnea, staggering gait, jumping, gasping and writhing, convulsion, side position and Cheyne-stokes respiration. All animals died within thirty minutes in the ovalbumin treated group. For the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs sensitized to KRGM, each anti-serum was diluted in a stepwise manner. This was followed by an intravenous injection of a mixture of KRGM and Evans blue. The results of the test showed that all the responses were negative in the control and the low-dose and high-dose administration groups. However, in the ovalbumin treated group, all the responses were positive. Based on the above results, there were no anaphylactic responses for up to 12 times the amount of human intake of KRGM in Hartley Guinea-pigs. The results suggest that KRGM is safe as measured by the systemic and local antigenicity in guinea pigs.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.315-318
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• 2000

Structure of the skin in amphibious fish, Periophthalmus modestus, was described in relation to cutaneous respiration. The epidermis has no gland cell. The epidermis consists of three regions: outermost layer of one to five layers of flattened epithelial cells, middle layer of swollen epithelial cells instead of glandular cells and stratum germinativum of cuboidal cells. There are numerous blood capillaries in the outermost layer of the epidermis and diffusion distance between the blood of capillaries and the epidermis is about 1.4 Um. The middle layer of the epidermis appears to be a web-like structure due to the swollen epithelial cells. The stratum germinativum has a well-developed lymphatic space containing lymphocytes. There are numerous blood capillaries and elliptical area with acid mucopolysaccharides in stratum laxum of the dermis. The skin of Periophthalmus modestus may be an accessory respiratory organ for oxygen uptake during terrestrial or aquatic life.