• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1064-1070
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• 2012

본 연구는 울금 분말을 고지방 고콜레스테롤 쥐에 농도별로 2.5% (TPA group), 5% (TPB gorup)의 수준으로 공급하였을 시 담즙산 및 UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GT) 활성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 체중증가량은 정상군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 울금 분말을 공급한 군에서는 체중의 감소가 나타났다. 식이섭취량 및 식히효율에서는 정상군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에서 증가하였다. 총콜레스테롤 함량과 중성지질 함량은 정상군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 혈중의 HDL 콜레스테롤은 정상군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에서 유의적으로 감소하였고, 울금 분말 공급군에서는 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, LDL 콜레스테롤 및 동맥경화지수(AI)에서는 고지방 고콜레스테롤에서 정상군에 비해 유의적으로 증가하였다. 간조직의 총 지질함량을 관찰한 결과 중성지질의 함량 및 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 정상군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에 비해 울금 분말 공급군은 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 분변의 총 콜레스테롤 함량 및 중성지방 함량은 울금 분말을 공급한 군에 비해 고지방 고콜레스테롤군에 비해 다소 증가되었다. 혈청 중의 담즙산 농도는 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에 비해 울금 분말을 공급한 TPA, TPB 군에서 유의적으로 증가 하였으며, UDP-GT활성을 관찰한 결과는 울금 분말 5%를 공급한 TPB 군은 고지방 고콜레스테롤 군에 비해 유의적으로 증가되었을 뿐만 아니라 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과로 미루어 울금은 담즙산 및 UDP-GT의 활성을 높여줌으로써 지질대사의 개선작용을 지니고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2003

The two experiments in this study compared litter nitrogen (N) contents after broiler chicks were raised for 42 days. Experiment I compared litter treated with aluminum sulfate (alum) [Al$_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ㆍ14$H_2O$] (T$_1$) with nontreated litter (T$_2$) when the broiler chicks were fed the same levels of dietary protein (23% for 0∼3 weeks, 21% for 4∼6 weeks) Experiment 2 compared the alum treated litters of broiler chicks fed high protein diets (T$_3$) having 20.4% protein for 0∼3 weeks and 19.3% for 4∼6 weeks, with lower protein diets (T$_4$) having protein levels of 18.0% for 0∼3 weeks and 17.0% for 4 6 weeks. Each treatment had four replicate cages. As shown in Table 1, T$_1$ had a significantly (P<0.0l) lower pH and significantly (P<0.05) higher total N (TN), NH$_4$-N and inorganic N (IN) than T$_2$. T$_1$ and T$_2$ had similar moisture, organic carbon (OC), NO$_3$-N and organic N (ON). Alum treatment increased available N (AN) significantly (P<0.05) from 13.75$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 14.90$\pm$0.01 mg/g and predicted available N (PAN) significantly (P<0.05) from 15.00$\pm$0.0l to 16.50$\pm$0.02. The C : N ratios were 18.84$\pm$0.40 (T$_1$) and 19.46$\pm$0.10 (T$_2$) while the C : ON ratios were 28.49$\pm$1.15 (T$_1$) and 28.34$\pm$0.20 (T$_2$) although C : N ratios or C : ON ratios did not show any difference between T$_1$ and T$_2$. In Table 2, T$_3$ had significantly (P<0.05) higher moisture, TN, NH$_4$-N, ON and IN than T$_4$, while the pH, OC and NO$_3$-N were similar in both groups. The AN of T$_3$ increased significantly (P<0.05) from 10.99$\pm$0.0l mg/g to 12.98$\pm$0.03 mg/g, while the PAN increased significantly (P<0.05) from 12.39$\pm$0.10 mg/g (T$_4$) to 14.68$\pm$ 0.30 mg/g (T$_3$). The C : N ratios increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 20.07$\pm$0.20 (T$_3$) to 24.40$\pm$0.10 (T$_3$). The C : ON ratios also increased significantly (P<0.0l) from 28.99$\pm$1.15 (T$_3$) to 35.51$\pm$0.20 (T$_4$). These current research results show increased AN contents and PAN contents in alum treated litter or with increased CP levels regardless of alum treatment. However, none of the litters in this study could initially increase mineralization.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권10호
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• pp.1090-1102
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• 2009

목 적:이유기의 영양은 영유아의 성장과 발달 뿐 아니라 성인 건강에도 장기적으로 영향을 미친다. 또한 이 시기의 영양섭취는 전적으로 보호자에게 의존하므로 보호자의 이유기 보충식에 대한 인식이 중요하다. 이에 본 영양위원회에서는 이유기 보충식 현황을 조사하여 과거 영양위원회 보고와 비교하고, 어머니의 이유기 보충식에 대한 인식 수준을 조사분석하여 문제점을 파악하고 영유아 영양 상담의 방향과 개선책을 제시하고자 하였다. 방 법:2008년 9월에서 12월까지 전국 14개 종합병원 소아청소년과를 방문한 9-15개월 영유아의 어머니를 대상으로 본 위원회에서 만든 설문지를 작성하도록 하였다. 총 1,078매 설문지를 SAS 9.1 통계프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결 과:이유기 보충식을 4-7개월에 89.3%에서 시작하였다. 93.3 %에서 처음 준 음식은 쌀미음이었고, 96.5%에서 숟가락으로 주기 시작하였다. 12-15개월 영유아를 대상으로 식품 도입 시기를 보면 6-7개월에 쇠고기를 준 경우는 43.2%였고 12개월 이전 소금 뿌린 김을 준 경우 35.3%, 된장국을 준 경우는 50.7%, 생우유를 준 경우는 10.7%였다. 이유기 보충식에 대한 정보원은 육아 책이나 잡지(57.9%), 친구나 또래 엄마(29.9%), 인터넷(28.7%), 부모나 친지(14.1%), 의료인(4.4%) 순이었다. 영양위원회에서 시행한 1993년 조사와 비교하면 4개월 이전 이유기 보충식을 시작한 경우(0.4% vs. 20.6%)와 시판 이유기 보충식으로 시작한 경우(6.7% vs. 38.8%)가 현저히 감소하였다. 숟가락으로 시작한 경우(96.5% vs. 57%)는 현저히 증가하였다. 어머니의 이유기 보충식에 대한 인식 수준에 대한 10문항을 점수화 하였을 때 평균 인식 점수는 $7.5{\pm}2.1$였고 다음 4문항에서 동의율이 낮았다: 고기를 이유기 초기에 도입해야 한다(57.4%), 분유(우유)가 두유보다 좋다(65.1%), 아기에게 이온음료를 먹일 필요가 없다(66.6%), 분유병은 15-18개월에 떼야 한다(67.5%). 인식 점수는 출생 순서가 빠른 경우, 어머니의 나이가 30대인 경우, 학력이 대졸 이상인 경우, 거주 지역이 서울과 경기 지역인 경우, 이유기 보충식에 대한 정보원이 의료인과 책이나 잡지인 경우에 가장 높았다. 결 론:이유기 보충식 실행 방법은 과거와 비교하여 현저하게 개선되었다. 소아청소년과 의사는 어떤 음식을 언제 도입하는지에 대한 체계적인 이유기 보충식 스케줄을 제공해야 하며 다양한 이유기 보충식에 대한 정보원을 관리 감독 해야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2013

Hanwoo (Also known as Korean native cattle; Bos taurus coreanae) have been used for transportation and farming for a long time in South Korea. It has been about 30 yrs since Hanwoo improvement began in earnest as beef cattle for meat yield. The purpose of this study was to determine the trend of improvement as well as to estimate genetic parameters of the traits being used for seedstock selection based on the data collected from the past. Hanwoo proven bulls in South Korea are currently selected through performance and progeny tests. National Hanwoo genetic evaluations are implemented with yearling weight (YW), carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF) and marbling score (MS). Yearling weights and MS are used for selecting young bulls, and EMA, BF, and MS are used for selecting proven bulls. One individual per testing room was used for performance tests, and five individuals per room for progeny tests. Individuals tested were not allowed to graze pasture, but there was enough space for them to move around in the testing room. Feeds including roughages and minerals were fed ad libitum, and concentrates were provided at the rate of about 1.8% of individual weight. Overall means of the traits were $352.8{\pm}38.56$ kg, $335.09{\pm}44.61$ kg, $77.85{\pm}8.838\;cm^2$, $8.6{\pm}3.7$ mm and $3.293{\pm}1.648$ for YW, CW, EMA, BF and MS. Heritabilities estimated in this study were 0.30, 0.30, 0.42, 0.50 and 0.63 in YW, CW, EMA, BF and MS, respectively, which are similar to results from previous research. Yearling weight was 315.54 kg in 1998, and had increased to 355.06 kg in 2011, resulting in about 40 kg of improvement over 13 yrs. YW and CW have improved remarkably over the past 15 yrs. Breeding values between 1996 and 2000 decreased or did not change much, but have moved in a desirable direction since 2001. These improvements correspond with the substantial increase in use of animal models since the late 1990s in Korea. Hanwoo testing programs have practically contributed to the improvement in aspects of quality and quantity. In sum, the current selection system is good enough to accommodate circumstances where fewer sires are used on many more cows. Although progeny tests take longer and cost more, they seem to be appropriate under the circumstances of the domestic market with its higher requirement for better meat quality. Consequently, accumulative data collection, genetic evaluation model development, revision of selection indices, as well as cooperation among farms, associations, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, universities, research institutes, and government agencies must be applied to the Hanwoo selection program. All these efforts will assist the domestic market to secure a competitive position against imported beef under Free Trade Agreement trade system and will provide farmers with higher profits as well as the public with a higher quality of beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, organ weight, biochemical parameters of blood, heart and liver, and ascites susceptibility of broilers at different ages reared under a low-temperature environment. A total of 420 1-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments with fifteen replicates of fourteen broilers each. Treatment diets consisted of L-carnitine supplementation at levels of 0 and 100 mg/kg. At 11-d of age, low temperature stress was used to increase ascites susceptibility. Blood, heart and liver samples were collected at different ages for analysis of boichemical parameters. The results showed that, there was no significant difference in growth performance with L-carnitine supplementation, but the mortality due to ascites was significantly decreased. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced heart index (HI) and ascites heart index (AHI) on d 21, lung index (LUI) on d 35 and liver index (LI) on d 42. The broilers fed diets containing L-carnitine had significantly lower red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) concentration and hematocrit (HCT) on d 42. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content of heart tissue on d 21 and 35, and significantly increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the heart on d 21 and 42. L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum triglyceride (TG) content on d 28 and 35 and serum glucose (GLU) on d 35 and 42, and significantly increased serum total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) content on d 42. L-carnitine supplementation significantly enhanced liver succinodehydrogenase (SDH), malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and $Na^+$-$K^+$-ATPase activity on d 28, and tended to reduce the lactic acid (LD) level of liver on d 35 (p = 0.06). L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced serum uric acid (UA) content on d 28, 35 and 42. Based on the current results, it can be concluded that dietary L-carnitine supplementation reduced organ index, red blood cell counts and hematocrit, enhanced antioxidative capacity of the heart, enhanced liver enzymes activity involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle, and reduced serum glucose and triglyceride. Therefore, it is suggested that L-carnitine can potentially reduce susceptibility and mortality due to ascites.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권12호
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• pp.28.1-28.8
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• 2017

Background: Major amino acids in pig diets are Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp, but little is known about the requirements for the other essential amino acids, especially on odorous compounds and microbial characteristics in feces of growing-finishing pigs. To this end, different levels of amino acid composition added to diets to investigate the effects of amino acid composition on microbial characteristics and odorous compounds concentration. Methods: A total eight (n = 8) barrows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) with an average bodyweight of $89.38{\pm}3.3kg$ were individually fed diets formulated by Korean Feeding Standards 2007 (old version) or 2012 (updated with ideal protein concept) in metabolism crates with two replication. After 15-day adaptation period, fresh faecal samples were collected directly from pigs every week for 4 weeks and analysed for total volatile fatty acids (VFA), phenols and indoles by using gas chromatography. The nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method. Bacterial communities were detected by using a 454 FLX titanium pyrosequencing system. Results: Level of VFA tended to be greater in 2012 than 2007 group. Among VFAs, 2012 group had greater (p < 0.05) level of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) than control.Concentration of odorous compounds in feces was also affected by amino acid composition in pig diet. Levels of ammonium and indoles tended to be higher in 2012 group when compared with 2007 group.Concentration of phenols, p-cresol, biochemical oxygen demand, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, however, were lower (P < 0.05) in 2012 treatment group compare to 2007. The proportion of Firmicute phylum were decreased, while the Bacteriodetes phylum proportion increased and bacterial genera includingCoprococcus, Bacillus, and Bacteroides increased (p < 0.05) in 2012 compare to 2007 group. Conclusion: Results from our current study indicates that well balanced amino acid composition reduces odor by modulating the gut microbial community. Administration of pig diet formulated with the ideal protein concept may help improve gut fermentation as well as reduce the odor causing compounds in pig manure.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2017

Soybean, one of most widely used swine feed component in the world, contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The digestive system of weaned pigs is not yet fully developed, and thus weaned pigs cannot easily digest diets based on corn and soybean meal. Dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation has been intensively investigated to assist digestion of anti-nutritional factors, such as NSP. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; mixture of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs were measured. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for growth performance for the duration of the experimental period, and morphology of ileum, and nutrient digestibility between CON and Cocktail treatment groups. Therefore, the results from the current study indicated that enzyme cocktail supplementation in diets had no influence on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.135-135
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• 2015

Tubes are of extreme importance in industries as for fluid channels or wave guides. Furthermore, some weapon systems such as cannons use the tubes as gun barrels. To increase the service life of such tubes, a protective coating must be applied to the tubes' inner surface. However, the coating methods applicable to the inner surface of the tubes are very limited due to the geometrical restriction. A small-diameter cylindrical magnetron sputtering gun can be used to deposit coating layers on the inner surface of the large-bore tubes. However, for small-bore tubes with the inner diameter of one inch (~25 mm), the magnetron sputtering method can hardly be accommodated due to the space limitation for permanent magnet assembly. In this study, a new approach to coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes with the inside diameter of one inch was developed. Instead of using permanent magnets for magnetron operation, an external electro-magnet assembly was adopted around the tube to confine the plasma and to sustain the discharge. The electro-magnet was operated in pulse mode to provide the strong axial magnetic field for the magnetron operation, which was synchronized with the negative high-voltage pulse applied to the water-cooled coaxial sputtering target installed inside the tube. By moving the electro-magnet assembly along the tube's axial direction, the inner surface of the tube could be uniformly coated. The inner-surface coating system in this study used the tube itself as the vacuum chamber. The SS-304 tube's inner diameter was 22 mm and the length was ~1 m. A water-cooled Cu tube (sputtering target) of the outer diameter of 12 mm was installed inside of the SS tube (substrate) at the axial position. The 50 mm-long electro-magnet assembly was fed by a current pulse of 250 A at the frequency and pulse width of 100 Hz and 100 usec, respectively. The calculated axial magnetic field strength at the center was ~0.6 Tesla. The central Cu tube was synchronously driven by a HiPIMS power supply at the same frequency of 100 Hz as the electro-magnet and the applied pulse voltage was -1200 V with a pulse width of 500 usec. At 150 mTorr of Ar pressure, the Cu deposition rate of ~10 nm/min could be obtained. In this talk, a new method to sputter coat the inner surface of small-bore tubes would be presented and discussed, which might have broad industrial and military application areas.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2007

Cellobiohyolase (CBH) I 유전자의 확보는 CBH I 유전자 cellulase 생산 균주인 Trichoderma reesei를 배양, 수거하고 액체 질소를 이용하여 세포를 파쇄 후 RT-PCR kit를 이용하여 CBH I gene을 합성하였다. 그 후 발현벡터인 pYGAL에 cloning하였다. CBH I 유전자 앞부분에는 CBH I 단백질이 cell 외부로 분비할 수 있도록 하는 ppL이 포함되었다. CBH I 단백질 발현은 Protein gel 결과를 통하여 발현을 확인하였다. Cellulase 활성을 증대시키기 위한 분자진화 방법 개발은 error prone PCR과 DNA shuffling을 수행하였다. 얻은 CBH I 유전자를 발현 벡터에 삽입하고 효모에 transformation하여 이것을 다시 screening하였다. 1차 screening 후 confirm test하기 위해 DNS (Dinitrosalicylic Acid) 환원당 측정법을 이용하였으며, 이 결과 121-D8, 228-G2, 389-E3, 412-B4, 456-D2의 cellulase 변이체를 획득할 수 있으며, 456-D2의 경우 original CBH I과 비교하여 약 510%의 활성이 증가된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 분자 진화 된 cellulase sequence 분석결과 CBH I wild type과 비교하였을 때 121-D8의 경우 변경된 9개의 염기 중 아미노산의 변화에 영향을 준 염기는 6개, 228-G2의 경우 변경된 7개의 바뀐 염기 중 아미노산의 변화에 영향을 준 염기는 4개, 389-E3의 경우 변경된 13개의 바뀐 염기 중 아미노산의 변화에 영향을 준 염기는 9개, 412-B4의 경우 변경된 9개의 바뀐 염기 중 아미노산의 변화에 영향을 준 염기는 6개, 456-D2의 경우 변경된 10개의 바뀐 염기 중 아미노산의 변화에 영향을 준 염기는 7개이었다. Cellulase 생산 공정 최적화는 5 L 발효기를 이용하여 고농도 배양을 실험한 결과 최종 O.D. 120까지 진행할 수 있었으며, 약 1.2 g/L의 cellulase를 얻을 수 있었다. Cellulase 생산 공정 scale-up 5 L 규모에서 확립된 최적 fed-batch 발효 공정을 300 L로 scale-up하여 실험하였다. 최종 O.D.는 약 280 정도이며 cellulase의 발현양은 약 3.2 g/L 수준임을 확인하였다. Cellulase 정제 공정 최적화 결과 80%의 수율과 95%의 순도를 확보하였다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.61-79
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• 2000

This study to study and analyze the current state of infancy breast-feeding ＆ practice and related factors and to provide basic data for the effective practice of breast-feeding and breast-feeding percentage improvement. For the object, 474 mothers of the infants who were born between Jan. 1, 1998 and Dec. 31, 1998 were selected, and the survey period ＆ method were from Oct. 15, 1999 through Nov. 14, 1999 (1 month period) and telephone interview, respectively. To examine by month breast-feeding type, the average breast-feeding percentage in 1 month after a child's birth was 42.4%, but after 6 month it decreased to 23.0%. To see breast-feeding percentage by academic background, the breast-feeding of elementary school graduated mothers was 33.3%, which was highest, and it decreased as the academic background of mothers went better (p〈0.01). By employment state, the percentage for the mothers who were not employed was higher (24.6%) than that of those who were employed at the time, which was 8.0% (p〈0.001). There was no meaningful difference found in breast-feeding percentage by infant mothers age, delivery place, infant sex, child order in family, weight at the time of birth. To examine breast-feeding percentage by delivery method, natural delivery was 27.0% which was higher than 13.1% of Caesarean section (p〈0.01), and by breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital, 35.6% of those who have breast-fed were breast-feeding while it was 16.4% for those who never did it while in the hospital (p〈0.001). After conducting logistics multi return analysis having breast-feeding percentage as a variable at the time of 6 months after babys birth, I found that infant mothers employment state, delivery method, and breast-feeding experience before leaving the hospital become meaningful variables. As unemployed mothers (p〈0.05), as chose natural delivery (p〈0.05), as experienced breast-feeding before leaving the hospital (p〈0.001), there was more tendency to do breast-feeding. Summing the above results, I would like to suggest the following to raise breast-feeding percentage. Firstly, systematic education about the importance and advantages of breast-feeding and correct breast-feeding method should be practised for women. Secondly, vacation before and after childbirth for working women should be practised and the support of systems for working womens breast-feeding such as installation of nursery in work place are needed. Thirdly, continuous publicity and education for natural delivery inducement is necessary, and for the ones who chose Caesarean section, recommendation of breast-feeding is also needed. Fourth, for breast-feeding within fastest time after delivery, rooming-in required and legal and systematic support is also needed. Lastly, in the governmental level, publicity for breast-feeding and breast-feeding recommending programs that promotes 10 rules for successful breast-feeding bringing-up, provided by UNISEF and WHO, are to be provided.