• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2010

This study reviews the influence of culture in interpersonal servicescapes by examining the restaurant retail setting. Two cultures (Canada and France) are surveyed in order to better understand their retail expectations towards interpersonal servicescapes. Using Hofstede's (1991) cultural dimensions to explain some of the differences between Canadian and French restaurant patrons, this study demonstrates a potentially interesting research avenue in the field of cross-cultural interpersonal services marketing. It demonstrates that cultural dimensions do not operate independently but interdependently. Understanding this can help retailers better explain complex service interactions between countries that may appear similar in terms of various socio-demographic features. In this exploratory research, a measure via exploratory factor analysis was developed, one that encompasses both the physical and service aspects common to interpersonal servicescape by using personality traits. This measure was tested in order to better understand the service expectations between two cultures, Canada and France. Five dimensional structures were uncovered in both cultures but with different traits and groupings. The differences between the traits uncovered and the overall Canadian and French personality structures find some explanation using Hofstede's (1991) cultural dimensions. The results of this survey point to a possible explanation as to why when services are transferred between cultures, the perceptions of them can be different and sometimes even lead to service failure. There are clearly some cultural differences between the Canadian and French consumers and their overall expectations regarding their consumption experience. Reviewing the first factor of the French and Canadian personality structures shows that the individualist/collectivist differences are apparent between the Canadian and the French cultures. The second dimension also has quite a few traits in common, five, all of which have the personal treatment aspect of the restaurant experience that a service provider would be responsible for: polite, respectful, and dedicated. Notable is that the French dimension does not include the authenticity or the hospitable aspect of the experience but includes even more features that are inherent to the personal interaction, such as charming and courteous. The third dimension of the Canadian and French structures reflects completely different expectations. Whereas the French dimension centers around energy and enthusiasm, the Canadian version is more laid-back and relaxed. There is extroversion in the French dimension to introversion in the Canadian dimension. This could be explained by differences on the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension as outlined by Hofstede (1991). The fourth dimension seems to confirm previously outlined cultural differences. Whereas Canadians, being a bit lower on uncertainty avoidance and power distance, prefer an intimate and private experience, the French continue to expect extraversion and inclusive features to their experience. The fifth dimension is in the French personality structure a clear expression of the high power distance society, where the roles of the players in the restaurant experience are clearly defined and the rules of engagement preserved. This study demonstrates that different cultures clearly do relate to different expectations regarding interpersonal services. This is apparent in the dimensions that come up in both the French and the Canadian personality structures, not only in terms of how different they are but also in with which cultural dimensions these can be explained. For interpersonal servicescapes, the use of personality traits is interesting as it allows for both physical and service features to be accounted for. Furthermore, the social component inherent to interpersonal servicescapes surfaces in most of the dimensions of the service personality structures. The quality of social exchanges is extremely important, and this even more so in cross-cultural situations, where the expec tations regarding the service experience may vary. As demonstrated by this research and using Hofstede's (1991) paradigm, not all societies will have the same expectations pertaining to the interpersonal services. Furthermore, the traditions surrounding the type of service can also have an impact on the service evaluations and differ between countries and cultures. However, using personality traits may also allow for retailers to see which service traits are common to two or more cultures where they seek to be present, and focus on these in the offering. The findings demonstrate the importance of the individualist and collectivist dimension for interpersonal servicescapes. This difference between the French and the Canadian personality structure is apparent in the most dominant dimension as well as within others. The findings are a step in explaining how retailers can transfer and then measure interpersonal services across cultures.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2018

Research confirms that healthful benefits accrued when people connect with nature and insect by viewing and interacting with them. Insect rearing is easy, relatively inexpensive, and can breed small space. This study aimed to investigate the physiological effects of animal assisted activity using insect(Oriental garden cricket) with diets and a rearing manual. The group of insect activity whose ages ranged from 65 to 82 years old that attending a community center in Daegu, Korea, were enrolled in the study between April and May 2014. The collected data was analyzed using qualitative analysis. Qualitative study is utilized to explore mental models, and their linguistic, affective, cognitive, social and cultural significance. The result showed that people-insect interactions promote well being of the elders, and the important aspect of insect activity aids in improvements in their social, emotional and cognitive functioning which were enhancing life satisfaction, reducing loneliness and increasing activities of daily life.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.91-107
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• 2012

This study aimed to understand communicative and socialization practices of immigrant bilingual families in everyday learning situations by examining interactions between parents and children in the United States. Drawn on language socialization theory and socio-cultural factors influencing immigrants, this study explored how three Korean American mothers struggled as they helped their children with homework by interviewing the mothers and observing mother-child interaction during homework time. The study paid attention to the emotional values of immigrant parents that they tried to teach their children who are members in two distinctive communities, such as Korean American and mainstream American. The findings showed that parental socialization practices had effects on children's emotional and social competence and at the same time the socialization process was bidirectional. Mothers started with Korean values, but they faced challenges with the English language, different demands for American homework, and children's rejection of their attempts. Mothers needed to change their strategy and borrow American ways of keeping emotional distance from their children by acknowledging their independence. Their struggles are discussed with attention to their language choice and culture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.176-179
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• 2001

To obtain the basic information of high yielding ability for varietal improvement and cultural practice, reciprocal grafts were made analyzed among five sweet potato cultivars. Five cultivars were characterized with the different in whose source and sink capacities. Grafting decreased main vine length, number of tuberous roots per plant, but its effects were different among grafting combinations. The growth of vines was affected more by scion, while growth and yield of under-ground were influenced more by stock. Grafting effects, interactions between stock and scion for main vine length and number of tuberous roots were highly significant in diallel grafting. The percentage of marketable tuberous roots was higher in the order of stem cutting＞self grafting＞reciprocal grafting.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.35-48
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• 2003

Home networking technology connects individual home appliances through a wired or wireless network and makes possible new functions that were impossible when they were used independently. However, the new functions must not simply be confusing arrays of functions that are possible to implement, but those absolutely necessary to the users. To develop innovative information appliances with such functions, scenarios were used and played guiding roles in suggesting new product ideas, making design mockups, and producing videos to show natural situations where the products would be used in home of the future. In the phase of suggesting new product ideas, user action scenarios in the home, generated by a team consisting of experts in the fields of cognitive engineering, user interface, computer science, cultural anthropology, interaction design, and product design, helped the team identify user needs and design factors necessary to fulfill those needs and suggest new product ideas from the design factors. In the phase of making design mockups, the procedures of using the products were described in the scenario format. Based on the scenarios the s쇼les and the user interfaces of them were designed. In the phase of producing videos, the interactions between the user and the product were embodied in the course of professional writers'arranging the scenarios of using the products for the scripts of the videos. Videos were produced to show the actual situations where the design mockups would be used in home of the future and the dynamic aspects of interaction design.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2019

The study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies and resilience of tobacco farmers to face unfavorable trading system. The research method refers to a qualitative approach with phenomenological models and case studies. The findings revealed tobacco farmers in Jember developed various adaptation strategies and resilience through farmer group organizations, partnerships, self-capacity building and access to financial institutions based on economic, social, cultural, and experience values from various sources and interactions among fellow tobacco farmers. The tobacco trading system, which is left to the market mechanism, results in low bargaining power of farmers, this encourages tobacco farmers to develop various adaptation and survival strategies, namely through collective activities of farmer groups, partnerships and self-development and access to financial institutions. Dealing with the unfavorable tobacco trading system, tobacco farmers do not switch to other commodity farming but adapt and make Jember a center for tobacco production in East Java and Indonesia. From this findings, it suggests to the government as the regulator does not only provide subsidies for tobacco farmers, but also must provide various technical assistance to increase the ability of tobacco farmers. More importantly, regulations must be made benefit tobacco farmers other than corporations so that equality can be enjoyed by tobacco economy players.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to search for the meaning and direction of sound environment preservation in Korea through the concept of soundscape. In order to achieve the goals, it was analyzed the similarities and differences on the contents of "100 The beautiful sounds of Korea - 1999" and "100 Soundscapes of Japan - 1996" in view of the intents of selection, the process of selection, and the construction of the results. The result show that there are the both similarities and differences on the intent and the process of selection, types and extent of sound samples, interactions among human-sound environment-region, the identities of the regions as well as the recognized sound environment. Also, the result shows that it is very important to preserve ecological, social, and cultural sound environment of the region. In order to practice this ideology of soundscape in Korea, there is a necessity for converting people's consciousness and participating voluntary residents' movement.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.307-325
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• 2019

This study aims to analyze the regional variations in which appear during the formation process of educational community in rural villages from the perspective of regional innovation theory. The study results revealed that the activities to form an educational community of the Songak village significantly influenced the variations across the social, economic and environmental aspects beyond an innovation of public education within the region based on interrelation between schools and villages. In other words, the activities including interactions and group learnings have been actively promoted among the various relevant stakeholders, thereby resulting in a variety of positive variations such as expanded regional welfare base, activated voluntary residents community gatherings based on the unity and cooperation, broadened socioeconomic opportunities, satisfaction on educational and cultural desires, and construction of healthy ecological environment in the region. Therefore, it is thought that regional development policy suitable for each region needs to be established by embracing the fact that activities to form a village educational community entail significant implication and value as the comprehensive regional innovation activities across the entire domains in each region.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.83-94
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• 2013

As exchanges and cooperation of political, economic, social, and cultural aspects among nations are recently vigorous, recognition of the global world has increased. In order to nurture the right talent in this era of globalization, transition into appropriate education for the global age beyond the state centered curriculum is required. Due to the recent explosive spread of smart devices, a new educational paradigm of smart training has emerged. Global learning can be effectively supported in the smart educational environment that entails brisk interactions, active participation and cooperation in a highly connected society. In this research, we suggest an instructional model for effectively supporting global learning in smart learning environments.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.38-44
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• 1995

The purpose of this paper is to show that a shape pro-duced by natural factors such as weather, environments, etc., can be introduced into the emotion of a design, and to make a design process by planning a Korean image and characterizing its concept. Human beings, nature, man-made objects, and society have their own functions in an environmental structure. When all their functions are kept in working order, human beings come to discover orderliness out of which they can absorb pleasure. They cannot look into their own inside but they can trace back in their memories a variety of panoramic experiences which have been embed-ded onto their identity during their lifetime interactions with an empirical world. Children first acquire a way of cognition in the space, a comprehensive premise, connecting a specific place and an object of cognition. Such subconsciousness forms sky-lines of mountains, seas, and trees under the sky, and produces axis lines and beehived domes under the influ-ence of natural, cultural, and social factors, forming a folk culture. A subconscious composition of existential space is extended. A subconscious composition of existential space is extended to the areas of environmental design, product design, and fashion design. The development of a concept of place and space as a system is a necessary condition for discovering an existential foothold.