• 보존과학연구
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• 통권21호
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• pp.5-55
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• 2000

The cultural properties are damaged by various causes according to the characteristics of material, the condition of preservation, and the period of time. Especially, biodeterioration makes lots of damages in organic properties than inorganic ones. The damages of wooden cultural properties by insects usually are caused by the three orders; Isoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. As the result of investigation on the state of 141 buildings of wooden cultural properties in 1999, some of them were damaged by many kinds off actors; wasp, powder post beetle, cigarette beetle, termite, decay, and physical cracking. And it was found that the patterns of damages were related to species-specific habits of insects. There are several methods of pest control for the prevention of wooden cultural properties from damages caused by insects. Those are as follows; physical control, chemical control, biological control, and integrated pest management. When insects and fungi were detected at the wooden buildings, the fumigation is best treatment to stop biodeterioration. And then, wood materials also need to be treated with insecticidal and antiseptic chemicals to avoid a reinfestation, because the fumigant is volatile. The six commercial chemicals which are applied to the insecticidal and antiseptic treatment of wooden cultural properties were purchased to test their abilities. According to the comparative results of efficacy of them in laboratory, chemical D showed excellent efficacy in all items, including antiseptic and termiticidal items. The goal of these pest controls is to protect wooden buildings from insects and microorganisms. The most effective method used currently is chemical control(fumigation, insecticidal and anticeptic chemical treatment), but it has to be treated periodically to control pest effectively. Recently environmentally-friendly control methods such as bait system or biological treatments are replacing traditional barrier treatments using large amounts of chemicals. Especially, termite is a social insect which makes a colony. Although a building with fumigation treatment is safe for a while, once attacked building has a risk of damage by reinfestation of termite. Therefore, to control termites from damaged building, the entire colony including reproductives(queen and king) and larvae around buildings must beeliminated. Bait system can be used as a preventive measure in early detection of them through termites colony monitoring and baiting. It would be the most effective for termite control if bait system would be used together with the chemical controls.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2010

Recently, the use of fumigants for pest control of paper cultural heritages are limited because of the high toxicity of fumigants and the production of environment-harmfully compounds. Therefore, many non-chemical methods have been discussed and experimented. And it is recently focused on gamma radiation, which is one of non-chemical methods, for pest control of paper cultural heritage in Korea. In this paper, we carried out a gamma ray irradiation of papers including Hanji, copy paper, filter paper and then analyzed a physical properties and optical properties of paper sample to estimate the effect of gamma ray irradiation on paper properties. In result, gamma radiation have adverse effect on a physical properties and optical properties of paper, especially Hanji. Therefore, we have to carefully consider about using of gamma ray for pest control of paper cultural heritages.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권19호
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• pp.133-158
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• 1998

There are about 2,000 species of termite in the World, but one species of termite inhabits in the southern part of Korean peninsula. Termites are social insects that live in colonies. The colonies are composed of king, queen, soldiers and workers. Termite food consists of cellulose obtained from wood. Protozoa in their digestive tracts convert the cellulose into usable food. Korean termite is a subspecies of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe, Rhinotermitidae. It's subterranean termite and the scientic name is R. speratus kyushensis Morimoto. The subterranean termite must nest in the soil in order to survival, and infest soft-wood which contact with the soil near the nest. There are several ways which subterranean termite infestations can be noticed. Atcertain times of the year during daylight hours, king and queen termites emerge from the colonies. The propose of these flight is to establish new colonies. The termite is a decomposer of biological ecosystem, but an invader in the preservation of cultural properties as like wood buildings. There are serveral control methods for the prevention of wood building from termite's damages. Those are biological control, ecological control, physical control and chemical control. Ecological and Physical control are the best methods in the new constructing wood-building. Fumigation which is a method of chemical control, is the best method for the building damaged by the termite. After the fumigation, we have totake wood & soil treatments for the building and nearby in order not to be reinvaded by the termites.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권13호
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• pp.69-80
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• 1992

A great numbers of cultural properties destroyed though attack by insect pests and microorganisms. Biodeterioration damage is particularly serious in this country because many cultural propertiese are made of organic materials. Recently, there are various countermeasures of biodeterioration or alternative methods are reported, such as Gamma Radiation, Micro-wave Irridation, Freezing, Inert Atmosphere (Oxygen-less atmosphere), and Environmental Control. However its practical application are limited and some difficulties for treatment of large objects. Fumigation is one of the most useful and effective methods of control biodeterioration because it gives less damage of cultural properties but rapidly eradicate infesting organisms at one action. This paper evaluated selected fumigants and fumigation methods with emphasis on the following paragraph:1) Effectiveness of selected fumigants on insects and microbes involved inbiodeterioration.2) Physical and chemical characters of selected fumigants.3) Less toxic new alternative fumigant and its mixtures.4) Inert atmosphere (Oxygen-less atmosphere)5) Methods of fumigation : Sealed fumigation, Covered fumigation and Vacuum fumigation (Reduced-pressure fumigation)

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권23호
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• pp.77-93
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• 2002

There are several methods of pest control for the prevention of wooden cultural properties from damages caused by insects, especially termites. Those are as follows; physical control, chemical control, biological control, and integrated pest management. In Korea, we primarily use mvestigation of monitoring, fumigation, treatment of insecticidal and antiseptic chemicals, soil termiticide treatment, and termite colony elimination system. As damages by termites were detected at Eunghyanggak and Saundang of Haeinsa temple in June, 1998, we carried out monitoring with wooden device, in order to investigate damages of wooden building by termite and paths of termite invasion. According to the result of investigation of monitoring from1999 to 2002, we found that termites were inhabiting continually at forests around Haeinsa and that wooden buildings such as Saundang, Cheonghwadang were damaged by termites. So we thought that control methods such as soil termiticide treatment and termite colony elimination system would be effective. Especially, to investigate efficacy of termite colony elimination system, we carried out efficacy test of termite colony elimination system in Jongmyo during 17 months(2000.7.~2001.11.). The result of efficacy test showed that termite colony elimination system eliminated termite colonies gradually(over 12 months from installation of colony elimination system to elimination of termite colony).

• 환경생물
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.101-105
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• 2001

The biodeterioration with blue-green algae has been studied since 1997 up to 2000 in the tomb of King Mooryong in Kongiu, Korea. Biodeterioration in the tomb initially started from the formation of micro-organismic biofilm that had been suggested to make minor changes on the stone surface. This study revealed that the biofilm formed by microorganisms could result in permanent damages on stone cultural properties. The application of a chemical, 'K2Ol', developed by the author successfully removed fouling of biofilm on the surfaces of stone cultural properties. When small pieces of granite stone were embedded in the solution to study the side effects of the chemicals for a period of three months, the mechanical stability was 0.97 compared to control and there was no change in color. Biodeterioration is one of the most harmful factors that decrease the value of stone cultural properties but it may be treated with a development of proper chemicals.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권34호
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• pp.84-99
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• 2013

전 세계적으로 분포하고 있는 약 2,900 종의 흰개미 중 23종의 흰개미가 일본에 서식하고 있으며, 이에 따라 1종의 흰개미만 분포하는 우리나라에 비해 더 심각한 피해를 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 일본에서는 목조건축물에서 흰개미에 의한 피해가 발생하면 화학적 방제(훈증처리, 토양처리, 베이트처리 등)나 비화학적 방제방법(저산소처리, 이산화탄소처리, 고온처리, 저온처리 등)을 이용해 방제처리를 하게 된다. 특히, 훈증처리에 사용되는 메틸 브로마이드 훈증제의 생산과 소비를 2005년부터 전폐하기로 함에 따라 이를 대체하기 위한 다양한 방법들에 대한 검토가 이루어졌으며, 그 결과 실제로 피해 정도가 소규모이거나 장기간의 처리가 가능한 경우 등 일부 경우에는 약제를 사용하지 않는 비화학적 방법이 효과적이라는 것이 확인되었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.138-153
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• 2015

국내 문화재 생물피해 방제는 일반적으로 농약에서 유래한 화학적 약제를 사용한 충해 방제법이 적용되어 왔다. 그러나 인체와 환경에 대한 유해성 문제로 인해 Methyl oxide의 사용이 금지되는 등 화학적 약제의 사용이 점차 지양되고 있다. 이에 새로운 대체 약제의 탐색과 온도(고온 저온)처리, 저산소 처리, 이산화탄소 처리, 방사선 처리 등의 물리적 처리법에 대한 관심과 연구가 지속되었으나 현재까지 현실적인 평가 기준과 적용 방안이 정립되지 않은 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 1980년대 이후 국내 문화재 생물피해 방제법의 연혁과 현황을 정리하고 그간의 연구를 통한 대체약제 및 기술의 특징과 한계를 검토하여, 국내 문화재 생물피해 방제의 현황과 나아갈 방향을 고찰하였다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권28호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2007

Wooden artifacts are biologically damaged by animals, insects, and micro-organisms. We focused on the evaluation of the antifungal and insecticidal activities of tree extracts to control deterioration of wooden cultural properties. 12 kinds of methanol extracts from 9 species of tree were investigated for their biocidal activities against two micro-organisms and two spices of insect. Most tree extracts showed fungicidal activities to Tyromyces palustris and Trametes versicolor. Among 12 different tree extracts, the strongest antifungal activity against T.palustris and T.versicolor was observed from the extracts of Pinus densiflora stem-bark extract and Pinus koraiensis leaf extracts. However, in the insecticidal activity test, Pinus densiflora stem-bark extracts against termite was relatively effective. Chemical compositions of methanol extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As a result, it was confirmed that development of biocide based on the natural extracts can be expected to conservate of wooden cultural properties.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.114-125
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 풍납토성 동성벽 내부토양을 대상으로 색도색차계, XRD, 입도분석기 등을 이용하여 색도, 입도, 주요화학조성, 광물결정구조 등을 분석하였다. 성벽토양은 황갈색, 회황색의 모래 또는 실트질 모래(SW~SC)로 분류되고, 입도와 화학 광물학적 특성이 유사하며, 도로나 활주로 등의 성토재료로 적합한 특성임이 확인되었다. 색도, 입도, 화학조성, 강열감량의 4인자를 기준으로 비교분석한 결과, 풍납토성이 위치한 지역의 대조군 토양(PNS)은 성벽축조에 사용되지 않았던 것으로 판단한다. 모든 토양은 풍납토성이 위치한 지역과 지질학적으로 유사한 곳에서 채굴되었던 것으로 추정되지만, 성벽 축조 이전에 분포했던 구지표면의 토양과는 다른 특성을 나타내기 때문에, 유적 주변에 대량채굴이 가능했던 토양분포지가 존재할 것으로 추정된다. 향후 성벽 축조재료의 여러 특성들을 비교 분석하면, 성벽 내부토양의 산지, 축조방법, 보수방법 및 시기 등을 보다 종합적으로 이해할 수 있는 계기가 마련될 것으로 기대한다.