• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.637-643
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is one of the world's most valuable medicinal plants with numerous pharmacological effects. Ginseng has been cultivated from wild mountain ginseng collections for a few hundred years. However, the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild ginseng populations is not fully understood. Methods: We developed 92 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on whole-genome sequence data. We selected five markers that represent clear allele diversity for each of their corresponding loci to elucidate genetic diversity. These markers were applied to 147 individual plants, including cultivars, breeding lines, and wild populations in Korea and neighboring countries. Results: Most of the 92 markers displayed multiple-band patterns, resulting from genome duplication, which causes confusion in interpretation of their target locus. The five high-resolution markers revealed 3 to 8 alleles from each single locus. The proportion of heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.027 to 0.190, with an average of 0.132, which is notably lower than that of previous studies. Polymorphism information content of the markers ranged from 0.199 to 0.701, with an average of 0.454. There was no statistically significant difference in genetic diversity between cultivated and wild ginseng groups, and they showed intermingled positioning in the phylogenetic relationship. Conclusion: Ginseng has a relatively high level of genetic diversity, and cultivated and wild groups have similar levels of genetic diversity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that current breeding populations have abundant genetic diversity for breeding of elite ginseng cultivars.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.37-40
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• 2015

Poria cocos is an edible and pharmaceutical mushroom with a long history of medicinal use in Korea. For the last 30 years, the domestic cultivated supply of Poria cocos has been unable to meet consumer demand, so Poria cocos is collected in mountainous areas and also imported from China. Thus, to increase the supply of Poria cocos, many artificial cultivation methods have been studied. In this study, Poria cocos is cultivated under different environmental conditions using plastic bags and the results compared. When cultivating Poria cocos at different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$) and using different numbers of plastic bag layers (1, 2), the most efficient cultivation conditions were a temperature of $25-30^{\circ}C$ and 2 plastic bag layers. The fastest growth was at $25-30^{\circ}C$, and the Poria cocos exhibited no weight change when cultivated using layers of plastic bags (1, 2).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.89-99
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• 2012

An upland monitoring was conducted for about 4 years with respect to the water and quality of rainfall-runoff. The objective was to characterize of runoff and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from a sandy field with 4.5 % in slope under balloonflower (2008-2010) and potato (2011) cultivation. Balloonflower was cultivated without any surface cover but potato was grown under plastic mulching. Runoff rate, EMCs and NPS pollution loads were estimated. The first flush effect was evaluated, and the correlation coefficient among the selected water quality indices were analyzed. Average rainfall size was higher by 2.3 mm when balloonflower was cultivated but average runoff rate was higher by 0.02 when potato was cultivated due to the plastic mulching. EMCs monitored from balloonflower field were higher than potato field except SS and TN, but all NPS pollution loads of potato field were 2.1~22.9 times greater than balloonflower field because of larger runoff volume. As a result of first flush effects, balloonflower and potato field were more influenced by increasing of accumulated rainfall and rainfall intensity rather than first flush. In the result of correlation analysis, there were no evident correlations between runoff and water quality indices. However, there were obvious correlations between SS and the other indices except TN. As a result of this study, it was thought that perennial balloonflower crop could help reduce runoff and NPS pollution loads but annual crop with plastic mulching increase them.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2004

Red peppers(Capsicum annuum L.), 'Geumtap' and 'Bugang', were cultivated at main producing areas in Korea, and harvested 4 times in 1998 and 1999. The relationships between internal qualities such as reducing sugar, capsaicinoids, and vitamin C contents, and regional climatic elements such as total accumulated air temperature, total amount of precipitation and sunshine duration during the fruit growing periods were compared. The amount of reducing sugar increased as the harvest time was late. Capsaicinoids content varied by harvest dates and cultivated years. Vitamin C content was influenced by cultivated year more than cultivars. Reducing sugar content showed a negative relationship with total amount of precipitation but showed a positive relationship with sunshine duration. There were negative relationship between the contents of capsaicinoids and vitamin C and total amount of precipitation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2009

There are remarkable differences in growth and morphological characters of roots between mountain and field cultivated Panax ginseng. Growth of root in mountain cultivated ginseng was much slower than that of field cultivated ginseng. However, the factor affecting the retarded growth in mountain ginseng was not known. Soil analysis revealed that phosphorus (P) content of mountain soil was exceptionally low at least ten-fold lower compared to that of field soil. Thus, we suggest that low availability of P in mountain soil may be one of the limiting factors for growth of ginseng in mountain soil environment. We had monitored the growth of ginseng plants after one and three years of phosphate fertilizer application. Three kinds of phosphate fertilizers: fused magnesium phosphate, fused superphosphate, and single superphosphate were applied to mountain soil. Application of phosphate fertilizers increased the fresh-, dry weight, and diameter of ginseng roots and resulted in increased P accumulation in roots. These results demonstrate that slow growth of ginseng in mountain soil environment might be attributed to the low P content in mountain soil. Thus, analysis of P amount in mountain soil will be a good indicator for the selection of suitable site the ginseng cultivation in forest.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2001

Song stream is located in the upstream of the Namhan River. Normal times, the stream flows down to the east sea through the drainage pipe but at rainy season, it flows to the Namhan River. There are large stock farm, leisure town and cultivated land in this basin. The pollutants from these contamination source cause eutrophication at lake Doam and deterioration of water quality in namdai stream. In this case, this study was carried out to evaluate water quality and environmental capacity as well as economical efficiency of each industry. The basin shape factor of subject stream was 0.315, slope is higher than usual basin. The BOD, T-N and T-P productive contamination loading from each contamination source was 2,690, 974 and 194 kg/day, respectively, and major contamination source was stock farm and cultivated land. Annual BOD, T-N, T-P distribution(median value) of Song stream showed 1.0~2.2 mg/L, 3.16~5.85 mg/L and 0.024~0.197 mg/L Doam lake showed 1.1~1.9, 2.51~3.89 and 0.042~0.114 mg/L, respectively. Being compared of water quality at main stream between past and present, it showed that the water quality has improved since last five years. BOD improvement rate was 8~50%. Run off loading of BOD, T-N, T-P was 366, 1129, 17.2 kg/day, and run off rate was 13.6%, 86.2%, 11.3% respectively. Finally, the result of productivity survey of each industry, leisure town, cultivated land and large stock farm was 118, 46, 50 billion won, per T-P 1kg productive, and productivity portion was 100, 39, 42% respectively, and the highest economical efficiency industry was leisure facilities.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

Objectives : In this report, we were studied the current status and future about cultivation of medicinal plants in Japan. Methods : To analysis the management and production of medicinal crops in Japan, variation of importation and cultivation of four medicinal crops such as Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa, Cnidium officinale Makino, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas and Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz var. purpurea Makino within 22 years ($1981{\sim}2002$) were investigated. Also we analyzed the herbal drug market in Japan using literature. Results : In the results, cultivated area and amount of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa and Paeonia lactiflora Pallas reduced more than 50% within 22 years ($1981{\sim}2002$). Production decrease of medicinal crops is alloting through contract production in China. The cultivation of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz var. purpurea Makino is enforcing minimum procluction for seed security. Conclusion : We hope that this report stimulates research to investigate for the establishment of cultural practices in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 2011

Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae) is listed in Shin-Nong-Bon-Cho-Kyung (神農本草經) as the remedy for ventilation the lung, resolving phlegm, promoting pus discharge and subduing carbuncles. The prescriptions of Gil-Gyung-Tang (桔梗湯) are also recorded in many other Chinese medicinal books. The identification of the cultivation year of P. grandiflorum is very important in commercial market as well as in research field. However, any reports about it have not been clearly established yet. To clarify the criterion, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the roots of P. grandiflorum cultivated in Korea for various years were studied. The characteristics of the cork layer, latex tube, and vessels were shown to be useful keys to confirm the cultivation year of P. grandiflorm. As a result, it was clarified that Kilkyung from Korea was the two years root of Platycodon grandiflorm.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 2017

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus), which has invaluable medicinal uses, grows only on living trees. To date, it is still harvested from its natural habitat and is not cultivated artificially. We artificially cultivated chaga mushrooms by inoculating its sawdust spawns on Betula platyphylla var. japonica in 2007, and monitored mushroom growth on the inoculated trees for 9 years. The mushrooms grew less than 1 cm per year, with the largest mushroom growing up to 9 cm in the 9 years of study. There was no difference in the growth (diameter at breast height) of trees with viable and non-viable I. obliquus. In conclusion, artificial cultivation of chaga mushroom was successful. Our findings suggest that selection of large B. platyphylla var. japonica as host tree could lead to better I. obliquus productivity. Further improvements of the method are needed to increase the success rate of I. obliquus inoculation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.641-650
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• 2018

Paddy-upland rotation system is one of the important cropping system for improving soil quality and crop productivity. we conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation system on soil properties and crop productivity in reclaimed tidal land. The paddy-upland rotation could be effective to conserve soil water contents and prevent from salt damage when cultivating upland crops. The first two years of maize cultivation after rice cultivation could be effective to secure stable production. However, in case of soybean crop, the rotation effect might be lower than that of maize. In the first year, the yield of soybean was 214 kg/10a. In the second and third year, the yields of soybean decreased consecutively to 152, 123 kg/10a respectively. In this paper, it would be suggested that maize be cultivated for up to two years and soybean be cultivated for one year after rice crop grown in reclaimed tidal land. This study could be provide basic data of the physico-chemical properties applicable to paddy-upland rotation system at reclaimed tidal lands.