• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.912-916
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of saponin in the shoot of Aralia elata on serum lipid level and glucose in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Sprague Dawley normal male rats weighing 70$\pm$5g were randomly assigned to normal(control group), crude saponin(S group), and shoot of Aralia elata(D group). Experimental diets have been fed for 6 weeks. STZ induced diabetic rats were classified to diabetic control(DC group) and crude saponin(DS group). Diabetic rats were experimentally induced by intravenous injection of STZ(65mg/kg of body weight) dissolved in citrate buffer(pH 4.5). DS group has been i.p. injected with crude saponin solved in phosphate buffer(pH 7.0, 10mg/100g body weight) and DC group fed for 10 days. Body weight decreased significantly in crude saponin group. Feed intakes and feed efficiency ratio were not significantly different among C, S, and D group. The crude saponin group has indicated the lowest values of serum total cholesterol, glucose, and triglyceride. However, the values of serum glucose and triglyceride were not significant. Insulin levels among the crude saponin group, the shoot powder group, and the control group were not significantly different. When STZ induced diabetic rats have i.p. injection of crude saponin, the crude saponin has reduced the serum glucose but it is not been significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2001

This study was carried out to isolate saponin compounds from red-ginseng efflux, which was produced during the industrial processing of red-ginseng from fresh ginseng. We isolated crude saponin from the efflux extract (moisture content 35.0%) by using Diaion HP-20 adsorption method. Non-saponin fraction, which was adsorbed on Diaion HP-20 resin, was removed by eluating with $H_{2}O$ and 25% spirit. Then crude saponin was eluated with 95% spirit, continuously. Saponin in the eluated fractions was confirmed by TLC analysis. Crude saponin isolated from red ginseng efflux extract contained 12.10% of saponin. whereas those of white ginseng and red-ginseng were 3.30 and 3.39%, respectively. Ginsenoside contents showed the highest contents kin crude saponin from red ginseng efflux extract. Expacilly, the ginsenoside-$Rb_{1}$ and Re showed the highest contents in red-ginseng efflux extract when compared with those of white ginseng and red ginseng crude saponins. And the other ginsenosides except ginsenoside-$Rb_{1}$ and -Re also showed the highest contents in red ginseng efflux extract. However, the ratio of PD saponin (Panaxadiol saponin: $Rb_{1}+Rb_{2}$+Rc+Rd) to PT saponin (panaxatriol: $Re+Rg_{1}$) showed almost the same level when compared with those of ginseng saponin fractions. Ratio of PD/PT from red ginseng efflux extract was 1.99. Ratios of PD/PT from white ginseng and red ginseng were 1.85 and 1.84, respectively. Saponin purity, which was calculated by ratio percent of total ginsenoside to curde saponin content, was 45.90%. In case of white ginseng and red ginseng, the purities were 35.50 and 36.00%, respectively. However, by PHLC analysis, we confirmed that crude saponin isolated from red ginsengs. It suggested that crude saponin isolated from red ginseng ellux also would be useful component as ginseng saponins.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.172-176
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• 1999

The saponins are considered the main effective components in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC.. In order to obtain the basic information for producing the high quality medicinal plant and processing, the crude saponin contents were analyzed with platycodi radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum by different cultivating years, parts, harvesting times and drying methods. The crude saponin contents were decreased by increasing cultivating years. The crude saponin contents were 2.74% in tail of root and 1.65 % in head of root, respectively. Besides, the contents of the crude saponin in cortex were 1.8 times more than that in core of root. The crude saponin contents in different harvesting times were 2.82% and 2.74% at March 10 and December 10, showing higher than that being harvested at June 10 and September 10. The crude saponin contents among drying methods were not significantly different at 5% level DMRT, but the hot air drying after steam showed the least crude saponin.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 1989

Crude saponin and ginsenosides in commercial white ginsengs such as six kinds of whole ginsengs, five kinds of tail roots and one undergrade raw ginseng were analyzed. The contents of crude saponin and ginsenosides in whole ginsengs were found to be 2.7 to 4.6% and 1.0 to 1.7%, respectively. On the other hand, those of tail roots were 3.3 to 7.2% and 1.3 to 4.4%, respectively. The content ratio of PD to PT saponin in whole ginsengs showed a little variation as 0.73 to 0.92, while those of tail roots showed a greater variation in the range of 0.72 to 1.75, indicating that tail roots contain higher content of PD saponin than whole ginsengs did.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.1 s.46
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

Effect of crude saponin and raw ginseng juice on root rot pathogens such as Fusarium solani and Erwinia carotovora for there growth or spore germination was investigated. Macroconidial germination of F. solani was decreased as the incrasee of the crude saponin concentration. especially, percentage of the germination was remarkably reduced when the concentration was more than 500ppm. The spore production of F. solani was also reduced as the increase of the crude saponin concentration and this phenomenon was particularly profound on a solid medium. Mycelial growth was decreased when the crude saponin was added, while the effect of the concentration was not apparently significant. The higher concentration of raw ginseng juice is, the more the growth of F. solani. Growth of E. carotovora was enhanced by crude ginseng saponin and raw ginseng juice. The crude ginseng saponin stimulated the growth of E. carotovora as the increase of the concentration, while more growth of the bacteria obtained at $1\%$ raw ginseng juice added.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 1995

In the proximate composition of the yams of home product, wild yam was most abundant in crude lipid and crude protein, and those content in the cultivated yams, cultivated long yam and cultivated short yam were similar. Cultivated long yam is the richest in crude ash. African yam had more crude lipid and crude protein compare to those of home product yams. Especially, the amount of crude lipid in African yam was four-fold of home product yams. In the mineral content, Ca was the richest mineral in four kinds of yam. The rest of mineral were in order of Fe, Mn and Zn. Among the home product yams, the Ca content of wild yam was higher than that of cultivated yam. The contents of Fe, Mn and Zn were also high in wild yam compared to cultivated yam. In the composition of free sugars, the sucrose content is the highest in wild yam, cultivated short yam and African yam. in order The fructose content was the most abundant in cultivated long yam and the next was sucrose. The composition of free fatty acids were in order of lactobacillic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. Crude saponin contents of the home products were almost similar levle, but crude saponin of wild yam was more abundant than that of cultivated yam. And crude saponin of African yam was much more abundant compared that of other home product yams. there is not much difference in the kinds of saponin from the home product yams. However, the amount of each saponin from the home product yams was different. In case of African yam, 'b' saponin did not appear and 'e' saponin was higher compared with home product yams. In African yam, the bitter taste from ethyl acetate layer was the strongest, and the next was n-butanol layer. It is possible that there was a powerful UV absorption material in the bitter taste of ethyl acetate layer and also supposed that there were saponin and phenol is material.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 1998

This stuffy was carried to establish a new efficient method for the preparation of edible crude ginseng saponin. The conventional butanol extraction and resin adsorption methods were compared for the contents of total crude ginseng saponin and major ginsenosides. Seventy- percent methanol extract was applied to Diaion HP-20 column and the resin was washed with Hn and eluted with absolute methanol. The methanol elute was dried in vivo and analyzed for its ginsenosides. Use of ethanol instead of methanol to make edible crude ginseng saponin gave a similar result. Butanol extraction was performed by the conventional method. The final aqueous layer from butanol extraction was passed through Diaion HP-20 column followed by elution with methanol and Diaion HP-20 passed fraction was extracted with butanol to recover remaining components, respectively, in order to determine saponin loss. TLC and HPLC qualitatively and quantitatively monitored Ginsenosides, respectively. Loss of ginsenosides was higher in butanol extraction method than in Diction HP-20 adsorption method. In addition, saponin fractions prepared by Diction HP-20 adsorption method showed higher content of each ginsenoside, showing 8.2% higher purity than that of butanol extracted fraction. From these results, we propose the resin adsorption method as a new efficient measure for the preparation of crude ginseng saponin, which is edible by using spirit instead of methanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.288-293
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of crude saponin fracton from Korean red ginseng on physiological events of ovariectomized rats. The saponin fractions was prepared by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography and spirit. Total 50 rats were divided into 5 groups : normal control (NC), sham-ovariectomized (SO), ovariectomized (OR), ovariectomized and saponin treated (OS), and normal control treated with saponin (NS). Saponin was intraperitonally administered for 8 weeks. Ovariectomy was carried out at 1 st and 2nd weeks of experiment. Right-side ovary of rat was removed at 1st week, the otehr was done at 2nd week. The body weights fo ovariectomized rats showed no significant changes but that of NS group showed significant increase (p<0.05) compared with NC group. Ovariectomy of rats reduced the weights of femur by 6 to 8% compared with that of NC group. In addition, femur weight of NS group was 5 to 6% higher than that of NC. Uterus weight showed no significant differences by saponin treatment or ovariectomy. Serum testosterone level of ovariectomized rats increased by 60 times compared with that of NC. However, administration of crude saponin to ovariectomized rat attenuated testosterone level to almost that of NC. These results suggest that Korean red ginseng saponin attenuates physiological disorders induced by malfunction of ovary.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of crude saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum on Clinical chemical parameters in male rats acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin (TCDD). Crude saponin was prepared from Korean Platycodon grandiflorum with Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography after extraction of 80% ethanol at 75℃. The crude saponin was confirmed by thin layer chrmatography. When compared with ginseng saponins, the crude saponin had both a few number of saponins and a broad distribution. Forty male rats (200±20 g) were divided into 4 groups. Normal control (NC) group received vehicle and saline; TCDD-treated (TT) group received TCDD (40 ㎍/kg, single dose) intraperitoneally; Platycodon grandiflorum saponin (PG5 and PG10) groups received crude saponin 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg (p.o), respectively, for 2 weeks before 1 week of TCDD-exposure. Increase of body weight was retarded greatly by TCDD-exposure. Body weight of animals in TT group was significantly decrease after 2 days of TCDD-exposure. However, body weights of animals in PG groups increased through the experimental perimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC group. Increases in contents of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) and activities of amylase, lipase, AST, ALT and LDH by toxic action of TCDD were significantly attenuated by crude saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that crude saponin prepared from Korean Platycodon grandiflorum might be a member of useful protective agents against TCDD, which is one of the environmental hormones.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-128
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• 1981

The effects of the crude saponin extracted from ginseng leaves on carbon dioxide evolution, alcohol fermentation, and cell production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. The results were summarized as follows : 1) In the process of fermentation, $CO_2$ evolution by yeast was faster in the order of 3%, 1.5%, 0.7%, 5%, 7%, 0.3% than in control in concentration of the crude saponin extracts. 2) In the course of fermentation, the content of alcohol increased in the order of 0%, 0.3%, 7%, 1.5%, 3%, 5%. Among all these concentration, the production of alcohol was remarkably much in 5% and 3%. 3) In the process of fermentation, pH in the low content (0-0.7%) of the crude saponin extracts was gradually decreased as tine goes by and in the high content (1.5-7%) dropped suddenly between 24 hrs. and 48 hrs., and after 48 hrs., increased. 4) Dried yeast cell weight increased more in all the above concentration than control (0%) and among these it increased visibly in 3%.