• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.84-84
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• 2001

The heartwood of Rhus verniciflua has been known to be effective for lingering intoxication and diabetes mellitus and rheumatoidal arthritis in traditional folk medicine in Korea. We have previously reported that antimutagenic effect of flavonoids derived from the heartwood extract of R. verniciflua, and sulfuretin was the active component. Recently, we have demonstrated that sulfuretin could be an anti-inflammatory principle of the R. verniciflua heartwood partially dependent on cyclooxigenase-inhibitory activity. The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the anti-rheumatoidal arthritis effect of the R. verniciflua heartwood extract, its EtOAc fraction and the main flavonoids, sulfuretin and fustin. All the test samples showed variably significant inhibitory effects on hind paw edema induced by Freund's complete adjuvant reagent (FCA reagent). Sulfuretin treatment with 10 mg/kg (i.p.) for seven days showed the inhibitory effect of 54.2${\pm}$3.0%, Similar trends in RA- and CRP tests, vascular permeability test and trypsin inhibitor test were also found. In addition, no dead mouse was found even when the dose was increased up to 5,000 mg/kg (i.p.). Treatment with 250-1,500 mg/kg on normal rats did not show any marked toxicological significances in the tests of body weight gain, wet weight of organs and hepatic functions. These results suggested that the heartwood of R. verniciflua could be an adequate crude drug for rheumatoidal arthritis with an active component of sulfuretin. The toxicological safety of the heartwood of R, verniciflua is contrasted to known severe allergenic action of the stem bark or its exudate.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

The excellence of pigmented rice with respect to its nutritional composition was proven and the physicochemical properties of five kinds of rice (Jindo black rice, Jindo jeongmi, Boseong black rice, red rice, and green rice) were compared. The crude protein content of black rice harvested in Boseong (10.15%) were higher than that of the other varieties. The crude fat contents of pigmented rice (black, red, and green) were higher than those of polished rice (Jindo-jeongmi and black rice). Boseong black rice had the highest crude fat content. The major free sugar types in the rice varieties were maltose and glucose. The major mineral contents of the unpolished rice (pigmented rice) varieties were as follows: of P, 361.32~570.11 mg%; K, 196.63~210.04 mg%; Mg, 104.11~128.02 mg%; Na, 2.49~8.14 mg%; and Ca, 12.10~16.82 mg%. The major fatty acids in the five kinds of rice were linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. The fatty acid contents of the rice varieties did not differ significantly. The black rice (Boseong) had a higher amino acid content than the other varieties. The hunter color values of rice varieties were affected by the colors of tha samples. The L (lightness) value of black rice (Jindo, Boseong) was lower than that of the other samples. The thiamine and riboflavin contents of the red rice (0.48 mg/100 g and 0.14 mg/100 g, respectively) were higher than those of the other varieties (thiamine: 0.36~0.24 mg/100 g and riboflavin: 0.09~0.06 mg/100 g). The hardness of the rice varieties differed significantly (10.75~14.64 kg).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.550-563
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• 2000

This study was carried out in order to elucidate the fundamental data on the taste compounds between wild and cultured fishes produced on Chungmu and Wando at the southern coast areas of Korea. For this purpose, the food components of cultured fishes such as red sea bream Pagnus major, Sebastes pachycephalus and flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus being spot lighted for the main sea fish, the staple food and high economic fish were investigated and compared with those of the wild ones. There was a little appreciable difference in the proximate compositions of all the species from localities between wild and cultured fishes. But according to the growing conditions, wild fishes were higher in moisture contents and lower in crude lipid content than those of cultured fishes and little difference was seen in protein and ash contents between the two. With regard to the nucleotides and their related compounds, i.e. ADP, IMP and inosine were detected but ATP and hypoxanathine were not from them. On the other hand, there were little difference in the total taste compounds of all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. But all the species were higher in IMP content. The total of seventeen amino acids were detected in samples. The highly contents of glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, proline, leucine, alanine, valine and alginine were showed and less low contents of cystein, histidine, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were detected. The total amino acids of the others were much alike in that composition. Little difference was seen from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured ones. The free amino acids were much alike in that composition of all the species. There was little difference in the free amino acid compositions all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. But taurine was dominant, showing from 39% to 65% of the free amino acid content and it is followed by hydroxyproline, lysine, alanine and glycine in other. There were differences in the organic acid compositions of all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. In addition, cultured fishes were more abundant in the total organic acid compositions than those of wild ones.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.218-224
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• 2015

Crickets have been used as crude drug for treating fever and hypertension in East Asia. This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics such as the microbial and nutrient contents of crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) prepared with various processing conditions for use as food. These conditions included the lyophilization process (LP), hot-air process (HP, $90^{\circ}C$ for 7 hr), roasting process (RP, $160^{\circ}C$ for 40 min), and frying process (FP, $180^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec). The total bacterial population of the crickets was 5~7 log CFU/g, but Coliform and E. coli were not detected. The major fatty acids in all the samples were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids was highest (63.55 g/100 g) in the LP-processed crickets. As for the amino acid content, the glutamic acid level was highest in all the samples, and the RP and FP decreased by 12.01% and 53.88%, respectively, compared to that of the LP. The mineral contents were highest in the LP-processed crickets. Hg was detected at about 1.0 ppb in all the samples, but its level was lower than the residue tolerance level in the Korean Food Code. Such conditions should be considered to better understand the quality characteristics of crickets in food processing.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this report was to provide the information packaging of herbal medicines by analyzing papers. We investigated the packaging materials, packaging methods and expiration date of herbal medicines by analyzing papers of the Korea, Japan and China. Methods : We survey herbal medicine-related law and crude drug monograph of compendium in each three country, we purchased herbal medicine of the Korea, Japan and China in the market and verify the expressed-item in packing paper. In case of Japan, we examine packaging materials, packaging methods, and expiration date of herbal medicine in pharmaceutical company. Results : The pharmaceutical company in japan used the methods of nitrogen gas pouring, vacuum packing for the herbal medicine packaging. The expiration date of the herbal products in Japan is generally 3 to 5 year after packaging. And packaging materials were aluminium and polyethylene. In Korea, pharmaceutical company used airtight packing for the herbal medicine packaging and expiration date of the herbal product were generally 3 year after packaging. Packaging materials were polyethylene, nylon or polyethylene-nylon mixed materials. In China, pharmaceutical company also used airtight packing for the herbal medicine packaging, and the expiration date were generally 5 year after packaging. Packaging materials were polyethylene, wrapping paper-used parcel or tea leaves filter paper. Conclusion : This results can present the basic data for expiration date and preservation methods of the herbal roots in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2002

In this study, the physicochemical properties of warty black and glutinous rice flours were compared. Crude protein content of waxy black rice flour (9.01%) was higher than than of glutinous rice flour (7.54%). Most mineral contents of waxy black rice flour were higher than those of glutinous rice flour. The major fatty acids in the waxy black and glutinous rice flours were oleic acid (38.57% and 36.95%) and linoleic acid (38.60% and 39.10%). The major detected amino acids of both samples were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and arginine. Water binding capacity of waxy black rice flour (93.26%) was higher than that of glutinous rice flour (87.42%) . Swelling powers and solubilities of waxy black rice flour were lower than those of glutinous rice flour in according to increasing temperatures. Maximum absorbance wavelength (λ$_{max}$) and absorbance at 625 nm were similar between both samples. X-ray diffraction patterns of both samples showed traditional A type as Peaks 2$\theta$ at 15.1$^{\circ}$, 17.1$^{\circ}$, 18.0$^{\circ}$and 23.2$^{\circ}$. The relative crystallinities of waxy black and glutinous rice flours were 0.40 and 0.41, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2007

The dried fruit of the Rubus coreanus, which is well-known in Korea and referred to as 'Bokbunja,' has been employed as a traditional medicine for centuries. This crude drug has been utilized in Korea for the management of impotence, spermatorrhea, enuresis, asthma, and allergic diseases. Our previous study demonstrated that the ethanol extracts of R. coreanus have anti-inflammatory effects. The principal objective of the present study was to conduct a comparison of the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extracts of R. coreanus and R. occidentalis; here, we tested the unripe (URCE), half-ripened (HRCE), and ripened fruits (RCE) of R. coreanus, and the unripe (UROE), half-ripened (HROE), and ripened fruits (ROE) of R. occidentalis. We found that URCE, UROE, HRCE, and HROE reduced the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_{2}$ as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Interestingly, the R. coreanus extracts showed stronger inhibitory effects on the production of these inflammatory mediators than the R. occidentalis extracts.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 1999

Chinese foxglove (Rehmannia glutinosa) is receiving much attention as one of the principal medicinal crops and the demand for crude drug expands rapidly. This study was conducted to obtain the basic agronomic characteristics and cultivation information of Chinese foxglove. Morphological traits of several Chinese foxglove and their plant growth and yield were investigated under different environmental conditions. The tested lines exhibited clear morphological differences in leaves and roots representing their origins. Rapid root growth and weight increasement occurred in the middle of July. Optimum daylength and temperature conditions were investigated for the adequate plant growth of Chinese foxglove. Root growth was enhanced at $23/18^{\circ}C$ (day/night) with 13 hours daylength condition. Appropriate soil moisture and soil texture were $60{\sim}70%$ and loam soil, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 1999

To find out proper harvest time and to select a variety having high yield and good quality, growth characteristics and contents of rosmarinic acid and essential oil were investigated according to harvest time of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze collected in Korea. Only the number of flower cluster per plant among growth characteristics of 7 collections showed not significant difference. The range of dry matter weight of above-ground part used as crude drug was $666{\sim} 1328kg/10a$ and the weight of flower cluster and root was not significant among the plant parts of collections. Dry matter weight of top was the highest on Sep. 20, full-bloom stage. Rosmarinic acid contents among in 7 collections showed significant difference and the range were $0.32{\sim}2.34%$ in flower, $0.97{\sim}1.64%$ in leaf, $0.03{\sim}0.21%$ in stem and $0.91{\sim}6.56%$ in root. The contents of rosmarinic acid and essential oil in leaf was 3.76%, 5.78% before flowering and 1.55%, 4.28% after flowering respectively. The total content of rosmarinic acid of all plant parts was decreased after flowering but that of essential oil was increased after flowering.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.299-312
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• 2013

Even though there exist a lot of study about antibacterial effects and reactions of extracted materials from plant, few study exist about oral pathogenic bacteria. Therefore we tried to recognize about the suppression effect to the periodontal pathogenic bacteria and halitosis, when add some kinds of plant extracted materials, myrrh, rhatany, chamomolilla to saliva. We used Crude drug : Myrrh tincture (100mg/ml), Ratanhia tincture (100mg/ml), Chamomile tincture(100mg/ml). We inspected about the cariogenic bateriae, S. mutans GS5 and S. sobrinus 6715, periodontal pathogenic bacteria, P. gingivalis 2561, P. intermedia ATCC 25611, Candida albicans ATCC 18804, and E. feacalis ATCC 4083, then the result follow. The plant extracted material, myrrh, rhatany, chamomomilla, which have convergence effect, bacteriocidal effect and anti-inflammation effect, show an antibacterial effect and reaction to the oral pathogenic bacteria. And with treating rhatany that have the most strong antibacterial effect, through transmission electron microscopy we could see a severe morphologic change of bacteria. This means with the plant extracted material, we can suppress the oral harmful bacteria and prevent periodontal diseases, caries, halitosis and oral inflammations. And within the future studies for the improvement of oral hygiene, our result might be a clinical evidence.