• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.641-647
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• 2020

The 2 × 3 crossover design, a modified version of the 3 × 3 crossover design, is considered to compare the bioavailability of two generic candidates with a reference drug. The 2 × 3 crossover design is more economically favorable due to decrease in the number of sequences, rather than conducting a 3×3 crossover trial or two separate 2 × 2 crossover trials. However, when using a higher-order crossover trial, the risk of drop-outs and withdrawals of subjects increases, so the suitable statistical inferences for missing data is needed. The bioequivalence model of a of 2×3 crossover trial with missing data is defined and the statistical procedures of assessing bioequivalence is proposed. An illustrated example of the 2 × 3 trial with missing data is also presented with discussion.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.135-150
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• 2013

In the modern society, the crossover phenomenon has appeared increasing the value of creative brands as concepts contrary or heterogeneous are combined with each other by the flow of diversified societies and cultures. This research covers the use of crossover design in current fashion. To analyze the crossover design in current fashion, crossover design were collected and analyzed from a Collection TV program(Seoul: Dong Ah TV) and an Internet Web site(www.samsungdesign.net) from 2007 to 2010. The information obtained from the current fashion is compared with the advertisement area; by making this comparison we will make an analysis to determinate the crossover elements organized in 5 groups: extension and reduction, breakaway and destruction, fusion and combination, overlap and repetition, adjacent and similarity. This 5 crossover elements were analyzed in current fashion with the purpose of seeing how crossover elements are available in fashion field. Therefore, this study can offer invaluable suggestions for multifaceted research on how to come up with design concepts which apply crossover element to current fashion.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.1636-1641
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• 2008

In this study, we introduce a new approach to Parallel Genetic Algorithms (PGA) which combines AHFCGA with crossover operator. As to crossover operators, we use three types of the crossover operators such as modified simple crossover(MSX), arithmetic crossover(AX), and Unimodal Normal Distribution Crossover(UNDX) for real coding. The AHFC model is given as an extended and adaptive version of HFC for parameter optimization. The migration topology of AHFC is composed of sub-populations(demes), the admission threshold levels, and admission buffer for the deme of each threshold level through succesive evolution process. In particular, UNDX is mean-centric crossover operator using multiple parents, and generates offsprings obeying a normal distribution around the center of parents. By using test functions having multimodality and/or epistasis, which are commonly used in the study of function parameter optimization, Experimental results show that AHFCGA can produce more preferable output performance result when compared to HFCGA and RCGA.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1997

In genetic algorithms(GA), a crossover is performed only at one or two places of a chromosome, and the fixed probabilities of crossover and mutation have been used during the entire generation. A GA with dynamic mutation is known to be superior to GAs with static mutation in performance, but so far no efficient dynamic mutation method has been presented. Accordingly in this paper, a GA is proposed to perform a uniform crossover based on the nucleotide(NU) concept, where DNA and RNA consist of NUs and also a concrete way to vary the probabilities of crossover and mutation dynamically for every generation is proposed. The efficacy of the proposed GA is demonstrated by its application to the unimodal, multimodal and nonlinear control problems, respectively. Simulation results show that in the convergence speed to the optimal value, the proposed GA was superior to existing ones, and the performance of GAs with varying probabilities of the crossover and the mutation improved as compared to GAs with fixed probabilities of the crossover and mutation. And it also shows that the NUs function as the building blocks and so the improvement of the proposed algorithm is supported by the building block hypothesis.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.126.1-126.1
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• 2010

In direct methanol fuel cells(DMFCs), it is well known that methanol crossover severely reduces the cell performance and the cell efficiency. There are a number of design and operating parameters that influence the methanol crossover. This indicates that a DMFC demands a high degree of optimization. For the successful design and operation of a DMFC system, a better understanding of methanol crossover phenomena is essential. The main objective of this study is to examine methanol-crossover phenomena in DMFCs. In this study, 1D DMFC model previously developed by Ko et al. is used. The simulation results were compared with methanol-crossover data that were measured by Eccarius et al. The numerical predictions agree well with the methanol crossover data and the model successfully captures key experimental trends.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2009

Crossover of nitrogen from cathode to anode is inevitable in typical membranes used in PEM fuel cells. This crossovered nitrogen normally accumulates in the hydrogen recirculation system at anode side channels. Excessive buildup of nitrogen in the anode side lowers the relative hydrogen concentration and finally affects the performance of fuel cell stack. So it is very important to analysis the nitrogen gas crossover at various operating conditions. In this study, characterization of nitrogen gas crossover in PEM fuel cell stack was investigated. The mass spectroscopy (MS) has been applied to measure the amount of the crossovered nitrogen gas at the anode exit. Results show that nitrogen gas crossover rate was affected by current density, anode and cathode stoichiometric ratio and operating pressure. Current density, anode stoichiometric ratio and anode operating pressure do not affect nitrogen crossover rate but anode exit concentration of nitrogen. Cathode pressure and stoichiometric ratio largely affect the nitrogen crossover rate.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2007

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are very useful methods for global search and have been applied to various optimization problems. They have two kinds of important search mechanisms, crossover and mutation. Because the performance of GAs depends on these operators, a large number of operators have been developed for improving the performance of GAs. Especially, many researchers have been more interested in a crossover operator than a mutation operator. The reason is that a crossover operator is a main search operator in GAs and it has a more effect on the search performance. So, we also focus on a crossover operator. In this paper we first investigate the drawback of various crossovers, especially subtour-based crossovers and then introduce a new crossover operator to avoid such drawback and to increase efficiency. Also we compare it with several crossover operators for symmetric traveling salesman problem (STSP) for showing the performance of the proposed crossover. Finally, we introduce an efficient simple hybrid genetic algorithm using the proposed operator and then the quality and efficiency of the obtained results are discussed.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.3 s.62
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• pp.457-468
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to understand fashion trend and characteristics by finding out the influences of crossover on modern fashion coordination through the identification of crossover coordination trend and characteristics. With a review of the literature, this study analyzed crossover coordination according to the types of expression methodology, periodical changes and designer's tastes that appeared through the collections of the six representative designers from 1996 to 2004. The results of this study were as follows. As a result of analysis of our sources, we realized that crossover coordination was shown most frequently in 1997 and Christian Dior was the designer who used crossover coordination most frequently. Among lots of crossover coordination cases, most of the cases are the coordination with different materials. In our results, trends of crossover coordination in materials appeared again about every five years cycle. Christian Dior combined different elements through silhouette and material, Dolce & Gabbana combined images and Jean Paul Gaultier combined different elements in the aspect of purpose and wearing configuration.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2001

The crossover in fashion refers to the coordination of different items, each with a different atmosphere. In a broad sense, it is the mutual exchange across the existing areas, that is, the creation of a new style by disparate and opposite elements coexisting in a look. This paper studies typical features of the crossover shown in modern fashion based on sub-culture by examining the concept and formation factors of the crossover through social aspects rather than particular art modes to predict the current fashion and suggest a new direction. Crossover fashion appeared in social and cultural environments, has four characteristics : the visual discordance of sexes, the appearance of the lingerie look, the mixture of folk style, and the appearance of the reactionary mode. The crossover, appeared in sub-cultures and diffused into the public, may be considered the creation of a new sense of beauty and a possibility for the future. It is expected to keep expanding ifs range in fashion, since it is an expression of human will to restore liberal sensibility not confined to formality.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.231-239
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• 1998

A $3{\times}2$ crossover design is considered for the bioequivalence of two test formulations with a control. It could be considered as a better choice over $3{\times}3$ crossover design because of the cost and experimental duration. Oh et al.(1998) derived $3{\times}2$ crossover design and discussed its benefits over the typical crossover designs. We consider here the statistical models for $3{\times}2$ crossover design and show its statistical properties. The statistical procedures for the bioequivalence in $3{\times}2$ crossover design are shown through an example and the results are summarized by satisfying the 3 standards that proposed by the Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for Bioequivalence.