• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.97-122
• /
• 2014

During the Edo-period [江戶時代 1603-1867], Japan accepted the modern western science and culture while trading with Holland since 1609, and also through the influx of optical instruments in the $18^{th}$ century the culture of viewing pictures began to be developed. Especially, the peep-boxes and their pictures had been imported from China and Holland since the mid 1750s when they were flourished. The peep-box was rapidly and widely spread. Soon after, the peep-boxes and pictures had begun to be produced in Japan (megane [眼鏡] and megane-e [眼鏡繪]) since 1770s when the early visual culture settled down in Kyoto and Tokyo etc. The visual culture developed with the peep-box contains two remarkable factors in the cultural history of the $18^{th}$ century Japan. First, the peep-boxes became the popular device of visual entertainment, and opened the first phase of the modern visual culture before the advent of photography and cinema in the mid and end of the $19^{th}$ century. Secondly, the peep-box played a role of an educative media as a 'window to the unknown world' in the $18^{th}$ century Japan, by showing various pictures of many European cities. Through the peep-box pictures the 'western images' were spread and knowledges of Japanese about the west increased, although they were recognized just as 'Holland's images' without differentiation in each country.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.24
• /
• pp.19-31
• /
• 2011

This article examines the historical view of Benito $P{\acute{e}}rez$ $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ in his historical novel named "Zaragoza" and "$C{\acute{a}}novas$" by comparing with Numancia of Cervantes. In front of the national survival crisis, $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ recognizes that it is necessary that Spain should recover humanity and morality on basis of the krausist ideal. The krausists warned subjective idealism, stressing on free-will and moral conscience in a harmonious balance of rationality. Without refusing patriotism, they warned egoistic patriotism deformed by national selfishness or nationalism. Giner de los Ríos insisted on a necessity of harmonizing national inclination and universal one. $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ emphasizes that the identity of Spain is not possession of privileged class but sweat and tears of the mass of people in daily life. He represents Efemera as the ideal history on the basis of Unamuno's 'intrahistoria', by which, instead of $Luk{\acute{a}}cs^{\prime}$ progressive history, we can peep into a historical poetics of human free nature and vividness of discontinuous and endless shifting. According to the sub-history, we come to the conclusion that $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ and Cervantes would lay emphasis on sub-history, aiming to essence of Spanish soul originated from national landscape and people's daily life.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.155-184
• /
• 2014

The present study aims at exploring in detail the Buddhist worldview and aesthetics of humor in Jo O-hyeon's literary works. This includes the same context as an elucidation of the ways in which his poems closely correspond in expressive forms and thematic contents. It is because, in Jo's literary world, where short poems and prose poems form a contrast, the expressive forms and thematic contents sharply differ depending on the ways in which prajnapti (provisional designation) is either foregrounded or backgrounded. In his literary world, when such a view of language and a worldview based on prajnapti are foregrounded, works that either inherit or play a variation on the fixed structure of the sijo emerge; and when they recede to the rear and are backgrounded, verses in the form of the prose poem are formulated. In addition, in Jo's literary works, where such a worldview of prajnapti and an aesthetics of secular humor intersect together, the thoughts on bheda-abheda(difference-non-difference) and the madhyama-pratipad (middle way) are formed. Such thoughts have considerable significance because they not only harbor a possibility of deconstructing and overcoming the opposition of the sacred/profane but also present a vision of a new unity.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.215-235
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this paper look at the basis of the cultural differences of Korean and Japan by comparing the craftsmanship. Korean craftsmanship and master craftsman making traditional handcrafts and artwork would die out at a critical moment. The craftsmanship and system could not be established because of discrimination in the traditional four classes of society( scholars, farmers, artisans and tradesmen), invasions of other countries and discontinuity of tradition from modernization. On the contrast, in Japan, it was possible to establish traditional handcrafts and artworks, technique and craftsmanship with apprentice system and various social privilege and treatment even in the same traditional four classes of society ( scholars, farmers, artisans and tradesmen). It was common to pass down the family business for a hundreds of years with self respect between Japanese master craftsmen and lots of people succeed the family business will now. Japanese craftsmanship is originated from 'worship to god' Medieval Japanese believed that the thing changes human mind, artistic talent, masterpieces and faith were connected to sacred power. Therefore, master craftsmen and their works were also made by the power of god. In this context, craftsmen were protected and treated in socially and nationally. It is that the social treatments and supports in national level and their own pride and continuous training of techniques and abilities as the main driving force to maintain the craftsmanship in Japan. Korea has the sale level of competitive tradition and technique in comparison any other countries. Japanese craftsmanship study will be a critical data in the protection and maintenance of Korean traditional and technique.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.20
• /
• pp.295-321
• /
• 2010

The trend of globalization has sharpened the debate on interculturality, which scholars examine from different and often conflicting points of view ('content' vs. 'practice', 'culture-specific' vs. 'universal', 'communication (meta)theory' vs. 'communication practice', 'individual' vs. 'collective', etc.). Whereas all these approaches are necessary to describe the multiple dimensions of interculturality, their dichotomous nature does not help to account for its internal complexity, which cannot be dissociated from the connections that exist among all these dimensions. The difficulty posed by the essentialist interpretations that tend to result from these dichotomies is compounded by the fact that in postmodern debates priority has been given to approaches that emphasize individual or collective agency over structural constraints which have to do with political economy or with cultural and linguistic codes and traditions. This paper aims mainly at suggesting that the dissolution of the boundaries that exist between these approaches should be pursued in order to get a fuller and richer approach to their common object of study. After discussing, by way of illustration, content-based and practice-based perspectives, we suggest that one way of getting beyond these dichotomies consists in focusing on the 'interactional' dimension of interculturality, which means laying emphasis on intersubjectivity and, particularly, on the individual subjects considered as members of different cultural communities who strive to transcend their sociocultural boundaries in order to reach harmonious interactions in a world in which inequality and the de-territorialization of people and cultures are central features.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.21
• /
• pp.139-164
• /
• 2010

Sung Yung Shin was adopted as a Korean infant to an American family. She is now one of the most important writers in Asian American literary field. This paper analyzes the characteristics of her literature, focusing on Skirt full of Black (poetry)and Cooper's Lesson(children's book). Sun Yung Shin uses collage in Skirt full of Black as an effective rhetorical device because it can express her experience as an adopted other in the multicultural American society. She rewrites the fairy tale of Swan Prince in the viewpoint of silence. For a yellow Asian adopted woman, speaking is suppressed. In the end, the attempt to escape from silence is the writer's resisting activity, and the rewriting of the tale is her questioning in place of the princess. I analyses Cooper's Lesson in the viewpoint of transcultural assimilation. Cooper's lesson is accomplished not by his white father but by a Korean settler, Mr. Lee. Cooper's family is a hybrid composed of white American father, Korean mother, and their half son. So this family has many complicated difficulties, though it's small. Mr. Lee who accepted a new language to establish a new identity teaches Cooper the importance of cultural assimilation, which is not a one-sided integration to dominant culture but an intercultural communion while sustaining each culture's singularity. Cooper learns that he should live in an harmonious and balanced life in a multi-cultural society while keeping his own subjective point of view.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.29
• /
• pp.201-232
• /
• 2012

In the world history in the rein of totalitarianism cultural project of government had been activated, and consequently of it official culture had been organized. But at the same time on the other side of it people('narod'), who didn't have cultural means for active expression of own opinion on the reality, had expressed world-view and judgement informally in everyday language. In the literature of autocracy, subjected to censorship, had been expressed and fixed mythically idealized image of sovereign and his works. But in the folklore the image of ruler had been created by liberal fantasy of people. This article examined russian literature and folklore texts of 18 century, when russian people suffered from rapid and dramatic changes, caused by Peter I. Although russian literature of 18 century had gone over to the new literary regime, it still accepted political mechanism as dominant of age, and consequently in the literary texts of this century Peter I was represented as ideal person and great monarch. But various images in folklore texts show that people's opinion on ruler and his activities couldn't be controlled. In other worlds, diverse images of Peter I in folklore texts reflect clear and plain historical consciousness of people. This analysis reveals not only difference between mechanism of idealization of government and historical consciousness of people, but also meaning of cultural memory as indicator of historical reality.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.423-441
• /
• 2019

This study aims to accurately predict the first ply failure loads of laminated composite hypar shell roofs with different boundary conditions. The geometrically nonlinear finite element method (FEM) is used to analyse different symmetric and anti-symmetric, cross and angle ply shells. The first ply failure loads are obtained through different well-established failure criteria including Puck's criterion along with the serviceability criterion of deflection. The close agreement of the published and present results for different validation problems proves the correctness of the finite element model used in the present study. The effects of edge conditions on first ply failure behavior are discussed critically from practical engineering point of view. Factor of safety values and failure zones are also reported to suggest design and non-destructive monitoring guidelines to practicing engineers. Apart from these, the present study indicates the rank wise relative performances of different shell options. The study establishes that the angle ply laminates in general perform better than the cross ply ones. Among the stacking sequences considered here, three layered symmetric angle ply laminates offer the highest first ply failure load. The probable failure zones on the different shell surfaces, identified in this paper, are the areas where non-destructive health monitoring may be restricted to. The contributions made through this paper are expected to serve as important design aids to engineers engaged in composite hypar shell design and construction.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.38
• /
• pp.385-404
• /
• 2015

Compiled in 776 by Zhang Shen, Wu Jing Wen Zi was regarded as the epitome of model book for standardized regular script in Tang Dynasty. Following early works like Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Zhang Shen adopted radical-rule for the compilation of this work. 3,250 characters were selected from the Five Classics and 160 radicals were established. Yu Jiaxi (1884-1955) harshly criticized the radical system of Wu Jing Wen Zi for being inconsistant and confusing. With careful review and analysis of examples from Wu Jing Wen Zi, this paper discusses the pupose of the compilation of this work, its unique radical-rule system, principles of arrangement of characters with the same or similar radicals, and the differentiation of variant characters. It further discusses the value of Wu Jing Wen Zi by its innovative radical-rule and effective differentiation of variant characters. It concludes with a rebuttal of Yu Jiaxi's argument and restate the necessity of reevaluation of this work even to this day.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.36
• /
• pp.241-270
• /
• 2014

The aim of this article is to review the traditional methodologies of teaching translation that concentrate on text-typologies and, as an alternative, to propose an eclectic multi-componential approach that involves a set of interdisciplinary skills with a view to improving the trainee translators' competences and skills. To this end, three approaches, namely a minimalist approach, a pre-transferring adjustment approach and a revision vs. editing approach are proposed to shift the focus of attention from teacher-centred approaches towards student-centred approaches. It has been shown that translator training programmes need to focus on improving the trainee translators' competences and skills, such as training them how to produce and select among the different versions they produce by themselves with justified confidence as quickly as they can (minimalist approach), adjust the original text semantically, syntactically and/or textually in a way that the source text supplely accommodates itself in the linguistic system of the target language (pre-transferring adjustment), and revise and edit others' translations. As the validity of the approach proposed relies partially on instructors' competences and skills in teaching translation, universities, particularly in the Arab world, need to invest in recruiting expert practitioners instead of depending mainly on bilingual teachers to teach translation.