• Computers and Concrete
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.259-276
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• 2012

A total of nine reinforced concrete corbels were tested, in this study. Six were externally strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), in the horizontal direction. The cross-sectional area of CFRP and the shear span-to-effective depth ratios are the parameters considered, in this study. Test results indicate that the higher the cross-sectional area of CFRP, the higher is the shear strength of the corbels, and the lower the shear span-to-effective depth ratios, the higher is the shear strength of corbels. The shear strength predicted by the design provisions in section 11.8 of the ACI Code, the strut-and-tie model in Appendix A of the ACI Code, and the softened strut-and-tie (SST) model were compared with the test results. The comparisons show that both the strut-and-tie model in Appendix A of the ACI Code, and the SST model can accurately predict the shear strength of reinforced concrete corbels, strengthened with CFRP.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2007

To gain understanding of the applicability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) cable in cable-supported bridges, based on the Runyang Bridge and Jinsha Bridge, a suspension bridge using CFRP cables and a cable-stayed bridge using CFRP stay cables are schemed, in which the cable's cross-sectional area is determined by the principle of equivalent axial stiffness. Numerical investigations on the dynamic behavior, aerostatic and aerodynamic stability of the two bridges are conducted by 3D nonlinear analysis, and the effect of different cable materials on the wind resistance is discussed. The results show that as CFRP cables are used in cable-supported bridges, (1) structural natural frequencies are all increased, and particularly great increase of the torsional frequency occurs for suspension bridges; (2) under the static wind action, structural deformation is increased, however its aerostatic stability is basically remained the same as that of the case with steel cables; (3) for suspension bridge, its aerodynamic stability is superior to that of the case with steel cables, but for cable-stayed bridge, it is basically the same as that of the case with steel stay cables. Therefore as far as the wind resistance is considered, the use of CFRP cables in cable-supported bridges is feasible, and the cable's cross-sectional area should be determined by the principle of equivalent axial stiffness.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.182-188
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• 2023

Sarcopenia and myosteatosis can increase the risk of adverse effects in dogs and humans. However, such imaging study results for evaluating sarcopenia and myosteatosis in small dogs have not yet been available. The objective of this study was to assess age-related changes according to the breed in epaxial muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and fat infiltration using CT to evaluate sarcopenia and age-related myosteatosis in small breed dogs. In 144 dogs (92 Maltese dogs, 27 Poodle dogs, and 25 Shih Tzu dogs), Hounsfield Unit (HU) values and CSA of left epaxial muscle were measured at the thirteenth thoracic vertebral level on non-contrast transverse CT images. Differences in HU values and CSA according to age and breed were analyzed. The geriatric group (≥12 years) had significantly lower HU values of epaxial muscle than mature adult group (2 to 6 years) of all breeds. The geriatric group had significantly lower CSA of epaxial muscle than mature adult and senior groups (7 to 11 years) of Maltese dogs. HU values of epaxial muscle were not significantly different among all age groups of all breeds. Maltese dogs had significantly lower CSA of epaxial muscle than Poodle and Shih Tzu dogs in all age groups. Results of this study showed that as age increased in small breed dogs, muscle mass and density decreased.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1055-1060
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• 2020

본 연구는 축소형 항공기의 레이다 단면적 분석 및 측정에 대한 연구이다. 사전에 축소형 항공기에 대한 레이다 단면적 특성을 전자기 해석 툴을 사용하여 분석하고 실제 축소형 항공기를 제작하여 무반사실에서 측정하였다. 측정 시 구모델을 사용하여 RCS 특성의 기준 데이터로 적용하여 실제 축소형 모델의 시험 결과 데이터에 적용하였다. 측정 방법은 시간 게이팅을 적용하여 무반사실 내부에서 산란되는 성분에 대한 영향을 제거하여 측정의 정확성을 향상시켰다. 축소형 모델의 RCS 시험 결과는 사전 해석 결과와 같이 초단파 대역에서 상대적으로 RCS 특성이 높게 측정되었다. 향후 본 연구를 통하여 파장이 상대적으로 큰 VHF/UHF 대역 레이다의 표적에 대한 RCS 분석 및 측정에 대한 특성 기술에 활용할 예정이다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.333-345
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• 2020

In the past, many efficient profiles have been developed for cold-formed steel (CFS) members by judicious intermediate stiffening of the cross-sections, and they have shown improved structural performance over conventional CFS sections. Most of this research work was based on numerical modelling, thus lacking any experimental evidence of the efficiency of these sections. To fulfill this requirement, experimental studies were conducted in this study, on efficient intermediately stiffened CFS sections in flexure, which will result in easy and simple fabrication. Two series of built-up sections, open sections (OS) and box sections (BS), were fabricated and tested under four-point loading with same cross-sectional area. Test strengths, modes of failure, deformed shapes, load vs. mid-span displacements and geometric imperfections were measured and reported. The design strengths were quantified using North American Standards and Indian Standards for cold-formed steel structures. This study confirmed that efficient profiling of CFS sections can improve both the strength and stiffness performance by up to 90%. Closed sections showed better strength performance whereas open sections showed better stiffness performance.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제51권
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• pp.20.1-20.12
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• 2021

We explored the link between mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in lymphoblasts of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and compared these characteristics between tumors and control samples. Gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis markers was analysed in 23 ALL patients and 18 controls and TEM for morphology analysis was done in 15 ALL patients and 9 healthy controls. The area occupied by mitochondria per cell and the cristae cross-sectional area was observed to be significantly higher in patients than in controls (p-value=0.0468 and p-value<0.0001, respectively). The mtDNA copy numbers, TFAM, POLG, and c-myc gene expression were significantly higher in ALL patients than controls (all p-values<0.01). Gene Expression of PGC-1α was higher in tumor samples. The analysis of the correlation between PGC-1α expression and morphology parameters i.e., both M/C ratio and cristae cross-sectional area revealed a positive trend (r=0.3, p=0.1). The increased area occupied by mitochondria and increased cristae area support the occurrence of cristae remodelling in ALL. These changes might reflect alterations in cristae dynamics to support the metabolic state of the cells by forming a more condensed network. Ultrastructural imaging can be useful for affirming changes occurring at a subcellular organellar level.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.375-388
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• 2017

교통난 해소와 녹지공간의 확보를 위해서 도심지 소형차 전용 소단면 터널이 증가하는 추세이나 소단면 터널에 대한 방재시설 설치를 위한 기준은 미비한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대배기구 방식을 적용한 소단면 터널에서 화재가 발생하는 경우 열환경 및 유해가스(CO)의 농도 특성을 고찰하기 위해 A86터널, 서울시에서 계획한 바 있는 U-Smartway터널, 서부간선터널을 모델로 하여 터널 단면적, 화재강도 및 배연풍량에 따른 화재시 터널내 온도 및 유해가스농도를 수치해석적인 방법으로 해석하고 비교 검토하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 터널 단면적이 감소하면 화원부의 온도는 증가하나 온도 상승률이 화재강도변화에 미치는 영향은 적다. 그러나 배연풍량 변화에 따라 큰 차이가 발생한다. 대배 기구 방식의 배연풍량으로 Q3+2.5Ar을 적용하는 경우, 화원부 온도는 서부간선터널($Ar=46.67m^2$)을 기준으로 하는 경우, A86($Ar=25.3m^2$)은 7.1배, U-smartway($Ar=37.32m^2$)는 5.4배가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 화원부의 CO농도도 동일한 경향을 보이고 있으며, 서부간선터널 대비 A86터널은 10.7배 U-Smartway는 9.5배로 나타났다. 따라서 소단면 터널의 경우, 단면적감소에 따른 열환경 및 유해가스농도는 단면적 감소율 보다 상당히 크게 증가할 것으로 예상된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2023

This study presents the characteristics of short circuits (SCs) caused by excessive currents in high-voltage cables used in electric vehicles and emphasizes the need to calculate the cross-sectional areas of these cables according to the SC current. Three direct current power supplies were connected in parallel to test the SC characteristics caused by excessive currents, and a timer and a magnetic contactor were used to deliver the conduction time and SC current. A circular infrared-radiation heater was used to test the temperature-dependent SC characteristics, a thermocouple was used to measure the temperature, and a shunt resistor was used to measure the current. As the SC current increased, the fusing time of the cable decreased. Additionally, a high-voltage cable (with an area of 16 mm² ) used in electric vehicles fused when a current (approximately equal to 55 times the allowable current) flowed for 0.2 s (operating time of the protective device). When the SC current is 10 kA, the cable may fuse during the operating time of the protective device, thus creating a fire hazard. In electric vehicles, the size of the SC current increases in proportion to the capacity of the battery. Thus, the cross-sectional areas of the cables used should be calculated accordingly, and cable operations should be properly coordinated with the surrounding protective devices.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze, by forming an experimental area of artificial soil green area that is of equal scale and analyzing the characteristics of runoff water in accordance with the cross-section configuration, applied the benefits in an actual multi-housing case study complex. In examining the measurement test results of the runoff water infiltration amount and surface runoff amount of a low-profile type green area(Dish type) and a general type green area(Mound type), Dish type was seen to have 1.5-times higher runoff water infiltration amount than Mound type during heavy rainfalls and showed about a 50% reduction with respect to the surface runoff amount. In other words, artificial soil green area offers the benefit of reduction of surface runoff amount and suggests, in actuality even with a change to the cross-sectional configuration of artificial soil green area alone at the time of construction of multi-housings, the possibility of benefits and reduction of costs spent on existing rainwater management facilities.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권2호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2019

In this paper, a semi-analytical method will be discussed for free vibration analysis of rotating beams with variable cross sectional area. For this purpose, the rotating beam is discretized through applying the transfer matrix method and assumed the axial force is constant for each element. Then, the transfer matrix is derived based on Euler-Bernoulli's beam differential equation and applying boundary conditions. In the following, the frequencies of the rotating beam with constant and variable cross sections are determined using the transfer matrix method in several case studies. In order to eliminate numerical difficulties in the transfer matrix method, the Riccati transfer matrix is employed for high rotation speed and high modes. The results are compared with the results of the finite elements method and Rayleigh-Ritz method which show good agreement in spite of low computational cost.