• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2016

Bathymetric changes were studied in the southern sea off the Jinwoo-do Island, which is one of the deltaic barrier islands surrounding the Nakddong river estuary. In this study, 16 bathymetry data sets were obtained from June 2006 to April 2015. Two narrow channels, the one lying between Jinwoo-do and Shinja-do, and the other one lying between Nulcha-do and Jinwoo-do extended into the eastern and western parts of the study area, respectively. The eastern extension of the channel contained a passage of mixed estuarine waters of seawater and river water discharged from the Nakdong river barrier and the west Nakdong River. The western channel connected the Nakdong River estuary with the Busan New Port via a connecting pier. Total volumetric changes of sediments in study area and discharge flow of the Nakdong river barrier were analyzed. Bottom topographical changes occurred mainly in the eastern extension of the channel. These changes were initially characterized by gradual erosion or deposition followed by rapid restoration. The total volume of sediment gradually increased from June 2006 to March 2013, but experienced a sudden decrease in October 2013 because of typhoon Danas. Few fluctuations were observed from October 2013 to April 2015. Analysis of the cross-sectional bathymetry of the north-south direction showed that the deepest point of the eastern channel moved 100-130 m westward and 200 m northward between June 2006 and April 2015.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.501-506
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• 2011

Purpose: A high level of air pollutants can increase the number of patients with allergy-related diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). To analyze the association between air pollution and allergic disease, we investigated 2 areas in Korea: Incheon, an industrial area, and Jeju, a non-industrialized area. Methods: Second grade students at elementary schools (11 schools in Incheon and 45 schools in Jeju) were examined in a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used and a skin prick test was performed. The levels of $NO_2$, $CO_2$, $O_3$, particulate matter (PM) $PM_{10/2.5}$, formaldehyde, tVOCs, and dust mites in the classrooms and grounds were determined. Results: The levels of outdoor CO, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The levels of indoor CO, $CO_2$, $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The prevalence rates of AR symptoms at any time, AR symptoms during the last 12 months, diagnosis of rhinitis at any time, and AR treatment during the last 12 months were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). The prevalence rate of wheezing or whistling at any time, and wheezing during the last 12 months were significantly higher in Incheon (P<0.01). Conclusion: We found that the children living in Incheon, which was more polluted than Jeju, had a higher rate of AR and asthma symptoms compared to children in Jeju. To determine the effect of air pollution on the development of the AR and asthma, further studies are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.231-239
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• 2012

Objectives: This study sought to provide guidelines in order to decrease the incidence of nerve injury during mandibular ramus bone harvesting, and to improve understanding of the anatomical structure of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) to include its distance from the exterior buccal cortex. Materials and Methods: In January and February 2009, 20 patients who visited the Wonkwang University Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery reporting various conditions underwent cone beam computed tomography and were included in this study. Patients with missing left or right mandibular first molars or incisors, or who had jaw fracture or bone pathologies, were excluded. The reference point (R point) was defined as the point where the occlusal plane reached the anterior ramus of the mandible. The position of the IAC in relation to the R point, the buccal bone width (BW), the alveolar crest distance (ACD), the distance from the alveolar crest to the occlusal plane (COD), and the distance from the IAC to the sagittal plane (CS) were determined using proprietary image analysis software which produced cross-sectional coronal and axial images. Results: The distance medially from the R point to the IAC along the axial plane was $6.19{\pm}1.21mm$. The HD from the R point, posteriorly to IAC, in the lateral view was $13.07{\pm}2.45mm$, the VD from the R point was $14.24{\pm}2.41mm$, and the ND from the R point was $10.12{\pm}1.76mm$. The pathway of the IAC was positioned almost in a straight line along a sagittal plane within $0.56{\pm}0.70mm$. The distance from the buccal bone surface to the IAC increased anteriorly from the R point. Conclusion: Marking osteotomy lines in the retromolar area in procedures involving bone harvesting should be discouraged due to the risk of damage to IAC structures. Our measurements indicated that the area from the R point in the ramus of the mandible to 10 mm anterior can be safely harvested for bone grafting purposes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8391-8396
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• 2016

Thailand is becoming an aging society, this presenting as a serious problem situation especially regarding health. Chronic diseases found frequently in the elderly may be related to dietary intake and life style. Surin province has been reported as a risk area for liver fluke with a high incidence of cholangiocarcinma especially in the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional status and associated factors among elderly in Surin province, northeast of Thailand. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 405 people aged 60 years and above, between September 2012 and July 2014. The participants were selected through a randomized systematic sampling method and completed a pre-designed questionnaire with general information, food recorded, weight, height, waist circumference, and behavior regarding to food consume related to liver fluke infection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The majority of participants was female (63.5%), age between 60-70 years old (75.6%), with elementary school education (96.6%), living with their (78.9%), and having underlying diseases (38.3%). Carbohydrate (95.3%) was need to improve the consumption. The participants demonstrated under-nutrition (24.4%), over-nutrition (16.4%), and obesity (15.4%). Elderly had a waist circumference as the higher than normal level (34.0%). Gender, female, age 71-80 years old, elementary school and underlying diseases were significantly associated with poor nutritional status. The majority of them had a high knowledge (43.0%), moderate attitude (44.4%), and moderate practice (46.2%) regarding food consumption related to liver fluke infection. In conclusion, these findings data indicated that elderly age group often have an under- or over-nutritional status. Carbohydrate consumption needs to be improved. Some elderly show behavior regarding food consumption that is related to liver fluke infection hat needs to be improved, so that health education pertaining good nutrition is required.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1209-1214
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• 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking constitutes a major threat to the health and wellbeing of teenagers. While smoking has been on decline in the developed countries, the reverse is the case in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the age of initiation, determinants and prevalence of cigarette smoking among teenagers in Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among 475 teenagers selected by multistage sampling. A pre-tested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The study was carried out in November, 2014. Results: Response rate was 84.6%. Mean age of the respondents was $16.4{\pm}1.65years$. Range and mean age of initiation of cigarette smoking were 7 to 17 years and $12.0{\pm}3.32years$ respectively. Teenagers who were above 15 years (OR:5.13, 95%CI: 0.87-30.26), males (OR:5.19, 95%CI: 1.57-17.18), married (OR:8.41, 95%CI: 1.04-63.35), had ${\leq}$primary school education(OR:4.31, 95%CI: 1.07-17.33), influenced by friends(OR:308.84, 95%CI:84.87-1123.81), and influenced by advertisements (OR:27.83, 95%CI: 3.92-197.64) were more likely to have initiated cigarette smoking. Furthermore, teenagers who were males (OR:12.77, 95%CI: 2.90-56.28), married (OR:19.24, 95%CI: 2.05-180.45), had ${\leq}$primary school education(OR:7.85, 95%CI: 2.37-26.01), influenced by friends(OR:28.56, 95%CI: 10.86-75.07), and influenced by advertisements (OR:5.95, 95%CI: 1.72-20.61) were more likely to be current cigarette smokers. In addition, 24.9% had initiated cigarette smoking while 14.7% were current smokers of cigarette. Conclusions: Mean age of initiation of cigarette smoking was $12.0{\pm}3.32years$. Determinants of cigarette smoking were age, gender, marital status, educational background, friends and advertisements. Life time prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher than prevalence of current cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoking reduction programs should take these factors into consideration.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1337-1348
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• 2017

In this paper, we develop the high-risk drinking predictive model in Korea using the cross-sectional data from Korea Community Health Survey (2014). We perform the logistic regression analysis, the decision tree analysis, and the neural network analysis using the data mining technique. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that men in their forties had a high risk and the risk of office workers and sales workers were high. Especially, current smokers had higher risk of high-risk drinking. Neural network analysis and logistic regression were the most significant in terms of AUROC (area under a receiver operation characteristic curve) among the three models. The high-risk drinking predictive model developed in this study and the selection method of the high-risk intensive drinking group can be the basis for providing more effective health care services such as hazardous drinking prevention education, and improvement of drinking program.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.393-400
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• 2011

The mass transport is very complicated at the area which has the macro tide and complex geometry such as Gyeonggi bay. Especially, the long period current has a strong influence on the estuarine ecosystem and the long-term distribution of substances. The long period current is caused by several external forcing, whose unique characteristic varies spatially and temporally. The variation characteristics of long period current is analysed and its generation mechanism is studied. The tidal nonlinear constituents such as overtide and compound tide are generated due to nonlinear interaction and it causes mean sea level setup. The tidal wave propagating up into estuary is transformed rapidly by decrease of cross-sectional area and depth. Therefore the mean sea level is getting rise toward upriver. The high and low tide level is similar between down-river(Incheon) and up-river(Ganghwa) during neap tide when the tidal deformation is decreased. The tidal phase difference between two tidal stations causes a periodic fluctuation of sea level difference. The low water level of Ganghwa station during spring tide does not descend under EL(-)2.5 m, but the low water level of Incheon fall down under EL(-)4.0 m. The variation of tidal range and its sea level are increased during spring tide. It is found that the long period current $M_{sf}$ is quite similar to that of sea level difference between the two tidal stations. It means that the sea surface inclination caused by the spatial difference of tidal deformation is important forcing for the generation of long period current.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.383-392
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• 2020

This study aimed to examine the characteristics of paint used for modern art works by conducting sectional observations, inorganic component analysis, and infrared spectroscopic analysis on the painted layers of 3 painted sculpture works exhibited in the Yongdam Dam Environmental Sculpture Park and Naejangsan Sculpture Park in the Jeollabuk-do area. The observations indicate that the cross section is composed of various layers of 2-3 folds, the thickness of the layers was uneven at approximately 23-150 ㎛, and putty was used for plate treatment prior to painting. Inorganic component analysis results show that putty containing calcium carbonate, iron oxide, diatomite, and titanium dioxide was used for the putty layer. It is also assumed that paint mixed with green (Cr₂O₃), blue(sodaliteblue), red(chromered), andwhite(TiO₂) colors were used for the painted layers. As a result of infrared spectroscopic analysis to confirm the types of paint, it is estimated that the paint was mixed with polyester resin and an extender.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2006

This study investigated the variation of flow rates in microchannels that consisted of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) and glass using various external voltages. Three different microchannel widths and two different depths. PDMS and negative photoresist (SU-8) were used to make the microchannels by the soft lithographic method. For each depth of microchannel ($50{\mu}m$ and $100{\mu}m$), three different widths ($100{\mu}m$, $200{\mu}m$ and $300{\mu}m$) were made. In each case, several different external voltages were applied (0.3 kV, 0.35 kV, 0.4 kV and 0.45 kV) to examine the flow rates. Our results indicated that flow rate increased with an increase of the external voltage at the same microchannel width. This was because the electrical field was increased as the external voltage increased. For the same external voltage, the flow rate increased as the microchannel's width increased. These results showed that the resistance in the microchannel decreased as the microchannel's width increased. Also, to investigate the effect of microchannel's depth and width, the cross-sectional area of the microchannel was increased to the double in area. As a result, the effect of the microchannel's depth was higher at a low external voltage, and the effect of the microchannel's width was higher at a high external voltage.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2001

A small of carbonate rocks and spatially-associated ultramafic rocks uniquely occur in the ulsan iron-serpentine mine of the sourtheastern Kyungsang basin. The study of field geology, core drilling data and stable isotope analysis suggest that the carbonate rocks are carbonatite formed from the melt reflecting intrusive natures. Based on this study, the geology of the Ulsan iron-serpentinite mining area consists of Cretaceous sedimentary, volcanic, granitic ultramafic and carbonate rocks in ascending order. The carbonate and ultramafic rocks show concentric and ellipsoidal shapes at the outcrop and a funnel shape in the cross sectional view. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis show a bimodal pattern rather than a typical mantle pattern, which may indicate that the melt was a secondary melt generated within the crus not in the mantle directly. The uprising of ultramafic melts would have melted lime-contained rocks forming a secondary carbonate melt in the upper crus. Then, the intrusion of the ultramafic melts would have melted lime-contained rocks forming a secondary carbonate melt in the upper crust. Then, the intrusion of the ultramafic melt was followed by the intrusion of the carbonate melt along deep-seated fractures. Well-developed major fractures in this area, fluid inclusion characteristics of the carbonate rocks, the spatial relation between the ultramafic and carbonate rocks and stable isotope data support interpreting the Ulsan carbonate rocks as carbonatite.