• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.6935-6939
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• 2015

Background: Currently, a comprehensive program for screening and early detection of cervical cancer does not exist in Iran. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and some related factors among women living in Zanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 in Zanjan on 4274 married women aged 20-65 years. The study participants were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consent, demographic and fertility questionnaires were completed. Samples from cervix were obtained through a standard method using the Rover Cervex- Brush. Evaluation and interpretation of the samples were reported using the Bethesda 2001 method. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression models. Results: Most inflammatory changes in the samples were mild (37.4%). Abnormal atypical changes in the epithelial cells were found in 4.04%. The highest percentage of abnormal changes in the epithelial cells was atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) (1.9%). Abnormal results of Pap smear was significantly and independently associated with age, papillomavirus infection, and lack of awareness about Pap smear tests. Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of inflammatory and precancerous changes in this study, compared to other studies in Iran and other Muslim countries, and the effect of demographic variables and individual factors on abnormal results, increasing the awareness of women and their families regarding the risk factors for cervical cancer, preventive measures such as screening, and timely treatment seem necessary.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2002

The strength and durability of concrete are affected by various factors such as the quality of material, mixing ratio, construction, the method of cure, time elapsed. the condition of test and etc., it is very difficult to pre-estimate the strength of concrete with the use of experimental specimen. The domestic standard of specimen cylindrical type and its sizes are both l0cm$\times$20cm and 15cm$\times$30cm, which are prescribed in KS F2405, and the loading speed is prescribed to test with 2~3kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ per second. The loading speed should have great effect on the compressive strength, but in reality in the construction site sometimes the loading speed is applied so dubiously that the value of the compressive strength can be unreliable. And the cross sectional area of a specimen should be level and smooth, otherwise it can be broken at a lower stress than the real strength through the eccentric or intensive working of the load. Capping should be carried out in order to measure the strength correctly. And used for capping are various materials such as capping compound, cement glue, plaster, mechanical grinding and etc. In this study, therefore, I have carried out an experiment on the relationship among the loading speed, the ratio of height to diameter of specimen, the method of capping, and the compressive strength, for the efficient quality control of concrete structures. So this study has been purposed to provide some basic data that can be used effectively at construction sites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09a
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• pp.124-143
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• 2010

Cofferdam is a temporary levee or dam structure built by using sheet pile or earth materials to prevent water infiltration during construction work of bridge, dam, harbour dock, or hydraulic structures in the river. In this regard, it is required to secure cutoff ability for dry work and workability for rapid installation and removal of the temporary dam or levee structures. In this paper, case studies for design and construction of cofferdam were performed, and water diversion method was briefed with some examples of cofferdam type as well. For the case study details of design and construction were reviewed based on cofferdams under construction related to 16 submerged weirs of "The 4-river restoration project" and dam type cofferdam respectively. From the review, it was known that the method for changing the water flow is selected based on the data from geological and geo-hydraulic site investigation in order to mitigate environmental effects by making sure if the design cross-sectional area of flow and maximum working days are sufficiently guaranteed. Finally, the primary findings and main conclusion derived are summarized that determination of applicable type of cofferdam should be checked by case study and meet design requirements such as water inflow control, constructability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study was to determine the changes of abdominal muscles activation according to the heel contact methods of stair ascent in healthy young adults. METHODS: 33 healthy young subjects (mean age: $26.37{\pm}9.72$ years, age range: 20-32 years) volunteered under two conditions. They were performed stair ascent with heel contact and without heel contact. The effects of heel contact methods were assessed using the surface electromyography (sEMG) analysis during stair ascent for activation of abdominal muscles (internal oblique; IO, transverse abdominis; TrA, external oblique; EO rectus abdominis; RA). The interventions were conducted over three trials in each method, and measurements were performed on each subject by one examiner in three trials. RESULTS: Our results revealed that there were significantly greater increase in the EMG activation of IO and TrA muscles in the performance of stair ascent with heel contact (p<.05) compared to those of stair ascent without heel contact. The results also showed that there were greater decrease in the ratio of abdominal muscle activation in those of stair ascent with heel contact compared with stair ascent without heel contact. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that the method of stair ascent with heel contact would suggest positive evidence for improving activation of abdominal muscles.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.11 no.1 s.38
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• pp.43-54
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• 1999

The divergence connection between steel circular tubes is widely used in such structures as factory facilities, steel circular hollow section truss, and off-shore tower. Steel circular hollow section (SCHS) have close section, and it makes their per-unit production expense higher than open sectioned products like L-shape, H-shape steels, but the sectional resistance of SCHS against vertical compression and torsion is very high. Despite the structural merits of SCHS, however, many engineers dislike to use them in their design because of uncertainty regarding the stress distribution and deformation behavior at their connections. Therefore, this thesis dealt with X-type connections, the most common forms of connection, and studied their load-deformation relationship. It observed how to show the load-deformation relationship at steel circular tube connections according to the diameter-thickness ratio (D/T) of the chord and diameter of branch-diameter of chord ratio (d/D) and suggested prediction yield load using by ring analysis method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.16 no.1 s.68
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• pp.123-134
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• 2004

In this research, a multilevel decomposition technique to enhance the efficiency of the configuration optimization of truss structures was proposed. On the first level, the nonlinear programming problem was formulated considering cross-sectional areas as design variables, weight, or volume as objective function and behavior under multiloading condition as design constraint. Said nonlinear programming problem was transformed into a sequential linear programming problem. which was effective in calculation through the approximation of member forces using behavior space approach. Such approach has proven to be efficient in sensitivity analysis and different form existing shape optimization studies. The modified method of feasible direction (MMFD) was used for the optimization process. On the second level, by treating only shape design variables, the optimum problem was transformed into and unconstrained optimal design problem. A unidirectional search technique was used. As numerical examples, some truss structures were applied to illustrate the applicability. and validity of the formulated algorithm.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.785-809
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• 2014

In this paper, an Adaptive nerou-based inference system (ANFIS) is being used for the prediction of shear strength of high strength concrete (HSC) beams without stirrups. The input parameters comprise of tensile reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength and shear span to depth ratio. Additionally, 122 experimental datasets were extracted from the literature review on the HSC beams with some comparable cross sectional dimensions and loading conditions. A comparative analysis has been carried out on the predicted shear strength of HSC beams without stirrups via the ANFIS method with those from the CEB-FIP Model Code (1990), AASHTO LRFD 1994 and CSA A23.3 - 94 codes of design. The shear strength prediction with ANFIS is discovered to be superior to CEB-FIP Model Code (1990), AASHTO LRFD 1994 and CSA A23.3 - 94. The predictions obtained from the ANFIS are harmonious with the test results not accounting for the shear span to depth ratio, tensile reinforcement ratio and concrete compressive strength; the data of the average, variance, correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation (CV) of the ratio between the shear strength predicted using the ANFIS method and the real shear strength are 0.995, 0.014, 0.969 and 11.97%, respectively. Taking a look at the CV index, the shear strength prediction shows better in nonlinear iterations such as the ANFIS for shear strength prediction of HSC beams without stirrups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

Structural analysis used to evaluate the load carrying capacity of a bridge should implement behavioral characteristics similar to the actual behaviors of the structure through loading tests, but it is not feasible in many cases due to the behavioral characteristics of points, inadequate modeling method in structural analysis, errors in loading tests, changes in strength and rigidity resulting from cross-sectional damage, etc. This problem can be more serious if bridge bearings have been damaged or were not installed and, consequently, the bearings do not function properly. This study produced results similar to actual behaviors using a structural analysis model built with support moment derived from the difference $\Delta{\delta}$ between measured deflection obtained by confining the cantilever segment of a solid beam and calculated deflection under a unrestrained condition. When the load carrying capacity of a bridge in operation was evaluated in consideration of the confinement condition of supports, the result was 15~19% lower than load carrying capacity calculated by the existing method.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2015

Objective: Pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) form the base of the abdomino-pelvic cavity and also the PFMs function is important for urinary continence. PFMs training (PFMT) is considered to be the first method for PFM dysfunction. This study demonstrated correct PFMs contraction among commonly used different contraction methods for PFMT. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In this study, nineteen middle-aged (40-70 years) women participated. To evaluate PFM function, ultrasonography was used to measure the distance of the bladder base movement. The distance of the PFM movements were calculated at rest and during the other contractions. The following four different contraction methods were performed randomly: (1) PFM contraction, (2) abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM), (3) anal contraction, and (4) hip adductor muscle contraction. The participants held the contraction for 3 seconds for a total of 3 times with a 30 seconds rest period between each trial. The mean of three measurements in each position were obtained and compared with that in the resting position. Results: The bladder base movement values were significantly greater when comparing PFM with ADIM and hip adductor contractions (p<0.05). The bladder base movement values were significantly greater when comparing ADIM and anal contractions with hip adductor contractions (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that performing PFM contractions is the best method among the common methods for PFMT. Performing PFM contractions was more effective than the other contraction methods.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.63-80
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• 1989

This study was undertaken at Yonsei University Medical Center to identify the crisis responses and nursing problems of patients who had been diagnosed with cancer, and changing patterns of grieving over time periods, and to analyse the effectiveness of follow up care through home visiting nursing. This study was carried out in three stages. The 1st study data were collected from a total of 205 patients who had been diagnosed with cancer from Sept.1 to Dec. 31, 1987 using a cross-sectional method. The 2nd study data were collected three times from 30 patients with cancer at 4 weeks intervals from March 1 to June 31, 1988 using a longitudinal method. The 3rd study data were collected from two different groups from March 1 to June 31, 1988. One was an experimental group who was visited by nurses and the other one was a control group not visited by nurses. The subjects of the 3rd study consisted of 60 patients with cancer and a Quasi-experimental research design was used. The results were as follows ; 1. The patients did not experience one stage at a time among the five stages of grieing, denial anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance, as identified by Kubler Ross. They experienced a combination of stages, especially of the bargaining and the depression stages. This stages did not change with the passing of time. 2. The patients expressed more physical and socioecounomical problems than emotional problems. And they used more problem coping methods than emotional coping methods. 3. Follow up care through home visiting nursing positively influenced the patient's quality of life, especially their physical well-being and symptom control The patients responded positively to the home visiting nursing, stating that it was helpful In them. It was concluded that the development of a home visiting nursing program is needed for the effective home care of patients with cancer.