• Design & Manufacturing
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2020

In this study, the fatigue behavior and fatigue life characteristics of PA2200 specimens fabricated by SLS 3D printer were studied. Fatigue tests were performed according to the standard specification (ASTM E468) and fatigue life curves were obtained. In order to perform the fatigue test, mechanical properties were measured according to the test speed of the simple tensile test, and the self-heating temperature of the specimen according to the test speed was measured using an infrared temperature measuring camera in consideration of heat generation due to plastic deformation. There was no significant difference within the set test speed range and the average self-heating temperature was measured at 38.5 ℃. The mechanical strength at the measured temperature showed a relatively small difference from the mechanical strength at room temperature. Fatigue test conditions were established through the preceding experiments, and the loading conditions below the tensile strength at room temperature 23 ℃ were set as the cyclic load. The maximum number of replicates was less than 100,000 cycles, and the fracture behavior of the specimens with the repeated loads showed the characteristics of Racheting. It was confirmed that SLS 3D printing PA2200 material could be applied to the Basquin's S-N diagram for the fatigue life curve of metal materials. SEM images of the fracture surface was obtained to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the fracture surface and the number of repetitions until failure. Brittle fracture, crazing fracture, grain melting, and porous fracture surface were observed. It was shown that the larger the area of crazing damage, the longer the number of repetitions until fracture.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 1985

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of tooth structure crazing when pinhole were drilled in dentin at various distances from the dentionenamel junction, and when pins were inserted by hand wrench and Auto-klutch handpiece. Sixty freshly extracted teeth were embedded in blocks of cold-curing acrylic resin to a level 1mm apical to the cementoenamel junction, the crown of the teeth were removed to a level 1.5mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction. After being sectioned, the cut surface of the teeth were smoothed, and they were divided into 4 groups. Group I : 4 pinholes were drilled with self-threading Minim spiral drill and pins were inserted with hand wrench in fifteen teeth. Group II : 4 pinholes were drilled with self-threading Minim spiral drill and pins were inserted with Auto-klutch handpiece in fifteen teeth. Group III : 4 pinholes were drilled with self-threading Regular spiral drill and pins were inserted with hand wrench in fifteen teeth. Group IV : 4 pinholes were drilled with self-threading Regular spiral drill and pins were inserted with Auto-klutch handpiece in fifteen teeth. The cut surface were then examined microscopically for the presence or absence of craze line. The results were as follows: 1. The self-threading Minim pin groups (Group I & II) produced less craze lines than did the self-threading Regular pin groups (Group III & IV). 2. In the self-threading Minim pin groups, there was more craze lines with hand wrench (Group I) than with Auto-klutch handpiece (Group 11). 3. In the self-threading Regular pin groups, there was more craze lines with hand wrench (Group III) than with Auto-klutch handpiece (Group IV). 4. Placement of the pinhole at 0.0mm from the dentionenamel junction produced more craze lines than placed at 0.5mm, 1.0mm (p<0.05), however there was no statistically significant between the 0.5mm and 1.0mm distance.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.459-470
• /
• 2018

19~20세기 생활민속자료(갓끈 장식, 구슬 및 대롱, 안경테, 안경집 장식, 망건 풍잠 및 관자, 저고리 단추 등)에 사용된 셀룰로오스 나이트레이트는 열화에 의해 균열과 미세 균열이 일어나 부서지고 있다. 균열에 의해 부서진 셀룰로오스 나이트레이트 생활민속자료의 보존을 위해 수용성 아크릴 에멀젼 접착제 4종에 대해 강화와 접착을 평가하였다. 강화처리를 위한 저농도의 아크릴 에멀젼의 점도는 Plextol D 498이 가장 낮았다. 그리고 유리전이온도(Tg)가 상온이하의 접착제 필름은 인장응력과 탄성률은 감소하고 변형률은 증가하여 유연성이 높았다. 인공 태양광 가속 열화 후에는 Plextol D 498과 Primal AC 35 필름은 접착력과 유연성을 유지하였고, Plextol D 498과 Dispersion K 52는 황변이 거의 일어나지 않아, Plextol D 498이 가속 열화에 가장 안정적이었다. 저농도 아크릴 에멀젼의 셀룰로오스 나이트레이트로의 침투성은 Plextol D 498이 가장 우수하였다. Plextol D 498 에멀젼을 사용하여 열화에 의해 부서진 갓끈의 중앙장식에 대한 보존처리는 저농도로(1%, 3%) 수 회 강화처리 후 고농도로(20%) 조각을 접착하여, 열화에 의해 부서지는 현상을 막을 수 있었고 접착이 잘 유지되었다. 보존처리 후 산소와 수분으로 부터의 열화를 막기 위해, 저습도용 탈산소제와 함께 산소 차단 필름으로 밀봉하였다.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 2007

The purpose of present paper is to investigate a fracture characteristics of the finite-width single-edge-notch(SEN) carbon fiber/epoxy reinforced plastics(CFRP) plates by using an acoustic emission(AE). Uni-directionally oriented 10 plies CFRPs specimen which had different notch length were prepared for monotonic tensile test. Matrix cracking appeared over whole testing process and fiber breaking appeared later on mainly Load distribution factor of the matrix confirmed that increased according as increases of plate width ratio. The amplitude distribution of AE signal from a specimens is an aid to the determination of the different fracture mechanism such as matrix cracking, disbonding, interfacial delamination, fiber pull-out, fiber breaking, and etc. In the result of AE amplitude distribution analysis, matrix cracking, fiber disbonding or interfacial delamination, and fiber pull-out or fiber breaking signal correspond to <65dB, <75dB, and <90dB respectively, Also, changes of the slope of cumulative AE energy represented crazing phenomena or degradation of materials.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제12권6호
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 1999

고무/폴리머 복합재료의 충격강도와 파괴 기구를 기지재의 체인 유연성을 나타내는 특성비 $C_{\infty}$와 강화고무의 입자 크기의 두 가지 관점에서 연구하였다. 본 연구에서 특성비는 PPO와 PS폴리머의 조성비에 의하여 조절하였다. 아이조드 충격 시험과 주사전자현미경에 의한 파단면 관찰을 수행하였다. 전단항복과 크래이징으로 대별되는 소성 변형 기구의 이해를 넓히기 위해 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 전단항복은 폴리머의 유연성이 상대적으로 낮거나 고무의 입자 크기가 작은 경우에 잘 나타났다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.1
• /
• pp.481-484
• /
• 2003

Recently polymer insulators are being used for outdoor high voltage applications. Polymer insulators have significant advantages over porcelain and glass insulators. With the gradual improvement of their design and material, their reliability has also increased. It is however difficult to establish how they will perform after several years of service. Aging of the insulator weathershed may lead to damages such as excessive chalking and crazing, erosion and tracking which affect the insulator performance. In service insulator are subjected to aging stresses such as humidity, pollution and electrical field which act singly or in combination. There have been numerous accelerated laboratory tests developed with the intention of evaluating suitability of polymeric materials. Some of these are strictly material tests, where as, others evaluate full scale devices. Service experience plays a key role in the utility selection of polymer insulator, but is time consuming, and may not always be available. Hence there is a need for a meaningful and reliable accelerated aging test for polymer insulator. This paper describes multi-stress aging test for reliability of polymer insulator This paper presents the rule of multi-stress aging test and test chamber for polymer insulator in korea electrotechnology research institute.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.9
• /
• pp.495-496
• /
• 2008

This paper describes the influence of Ultra-violet irradiation on time to tracking resistance of epoxy insulating materials by use of the inclined plane test. And, the influence of surface degradation was evaluated through several method such as measurement of contact angle, surface roughness, using a scanning electron microscopy. As the 1000 hours of the surface degradation with UV-CON, the flashover time decreases at different rates depending on epoxy resin and silicone rubber specimen. As the duration of the surface degradation with UV-CON is prolonged, the contact angle of epoxy resin decreases at the rate of degradation time, while that of silicone rubber was not exchanged. It is assumed that this phenomenon is related to the decrease in hydrophobicity of the surface of the materials. Also, as to epoxy resin, the decrease of hydrophobicity due to surface degradation with UV-CON is greater than that resulting from surface degradation with WOM. The UV radiation produced chalking and crazing on the surface of the insulating materials specimen.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.336-354
• /
• 1998

Traditionally, many kinds of mechanical bonding techniques were used for bonding resins to the surface of the metal alloys. If there is a seperation between resin and metal junction by stress accumulation and temperature change of oral cavity, the cracks or crazing may occur, accompanied by failure of resin bonding to metal. This study was designed to compare the shear bond strength of the type IV gold alloy and Cr-Co alloy surfaces treated with various methods and thermocycling. Universal Instron (Model 1000) and scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) was used to record the shear bond strength of 5 groups. Forty specimens were made for each group ; group 1 was treated with sandblasting only, group 2 was coated with V-primer after sandblasting, group 3 was coated with Metal primer, group 4 wase coated with MR Bond and group 5 was coated with silane. After treated with various methods, thermocycling was done for half of the each group. The surfaces of failed pattern were observed with SEM. The results were as follows : 1. Shear bond strength of the group 1 was lower than that of another groups in type IV gold alloys and bond strength of the group 1, 2 were lower than that of group 3, 4, 5 in Cr-Co alloys. 2. Shear bond strength of the gold alloy with resin was higher than that of Cr-Co alloy when specimens were coated with V-primer. 3. Shear bond strength of the Co-Cr alloys with resin was higher than that of gold alloys when specimens were coated with Metal primer. 4. The bond strength of all specimens did not decreased significantly after thermocycling. 5. Adhesive failures were found in group 1 and Cr-Co alloy in group 2, but adhesive and cohesive failures were found in another groups.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.590-598
• /
• 2002

맥스웰방정식의 직접해인 FVTD(Finite Volume Time Domain)법을 이용하여, 저입사시의 불규칙 조면에서의 전자파 산란 문제를 수치해석 하였다. FVTD댑은 복잡한 구조의 전자파의 산란문제에 대해서 개발된 시간영역에 의한 수치해석법이며, 종래의 FDTD(Finite Difference Time Domain)법 보다 임의형태의 경계문제를 쉽게 다룰 수 있는 이점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 산란물체의 형태가 아주 복잡하고 정도를 문제삼을 경우 FVTD법에서는 셀 사이즈(cell size)를 충분히 세분화 할 필요가 있다. 그 경우 셀 사이즈에 의한 수치해의 수속성을 검토하고, 외삽법(extrapolation method)을 이용해서 간단하고 정확한 후방산란계수를 측정하는 방안을 제시했다. 더욱이 취급하는 편파의 상이를 특징짖는 레이다 단면적의 편파비에 대해서 입사각(grazing angle) 이 10도 이하의 해면 레이다의 실험결과와 비교하여, FVTD법의 수치계산 결과가 실측치와 잘 일치하는 결과를 제시했다.

• 한국지형학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.69-85
• /
• 2019

Humans have been important driver to reconfigure the terrestrial surface of the Earth by altering its morphology and processes. The effect of human activities on the physical landscape, however, shows substantially uneven geographical patterns. Most of anthrogemorphoogical studies regarding human-induced denudation have focused on areas with a long history of human modifications such as humid landscapes, so the hypothesis is naturally a great human impact on landscapes. The effect of human activities on dryland Earth surfaces are far less commonly studied, although erosion is one of major concerns in arid and semi-arid region regarding land and water quality degradation. The urban metropolis of Phoenix, Arizona, USA provides an opportunity to explore the impact of the Anthropocene. The Phoenix metropolitan area rests on classic desert landforms, such as extensive pediments, alluvial fans and sand sheets. Human activities including cattle crazing, wildfire resulting from introduced grass species by human, and recent urbanization processes have impacted these classic desert landforms and altered geomorphic processes. The purpose of this paper, therefore, rests in examining Anthropocene in the geomorphology of the north-central Sonoran Desert. The objectives of this paper are: i) to understand the impact of the Anthropocene on the geomorphological processes and forms through field observations; ii) to quantify the magnitude of human impacts on landscape using a published two-decade long record of erosion dataset and natural background erosion dataset in submitted manuscript at the sprawling edge of the Phoenix metropolitan region; iii) to examine how geomorphic outcome can affect the sustainability of cities through the estimation of sediment yield under the condition of urban sprawl.